Phonetics- Ch 1 and 2

Question 1

Graphemes

Answer 1

Printed letters

Question 2

Phonetic alphabet

Answer 2

An alphabet that contains a separate letter for each individual sound in a language; maintains a one-to-one relationship between a sound and a particular letter

Question 3

Allograph

Answer 3

Different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound; ex hEAt, kEY, rEEd

Question 4

Digraph

Answer 4

Pair of letters representing one sound; ex lOOk, THink, EAr

Question 5

Morpheme

Answer 5

Smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning

Question 6

Free morpheme

Answer 6

Morphemes that can stand alone and still carry meaning

Question 7

Bound morpheme

Answer 7

Bound to other words and do carry no meaning when they stand alone

Question 8

Consonants (pulmonic)

Answer 8

Produced with an airstream from the lungs

Question 9

Non-pulmonic consonants

Answer 9

Produced without the need for airflow from the lungs, clicks

Question 10

Diacritics

Answer 10

Employed to indicate an alternate way of producing a certain sound; specialized phonetic symbol used in narrow transcription to represent both allophones production as well as suprasegmental features of speech

Question 11

Suprasegmentals

Answer 11

Used to indicate the stress, intonation pattern, and tempo of any particular utterance in a language

Question 12

Phoneme

Answer 12

Specific speech sound that is capable of differentiating morphemes and therefore is capable of distinguishing meaning; family of sounds

Question 13

Minimal pairs or minimal contrasts

Answer 13

Words that vary by only one phoneme on the same word position; ex look and book, hear and beer (it’s by one speech sound)

Question 14

Allophones

Answer 14

Members of a phoneme family that are a variant pronunciation of a particular phoneme; ex /l/ in lip and bottle

Question 15

Complementary distribution

Answer 15

Two allophones that are not interchangeable due to the phonetic constraints of the vowel in each word; two allophones that are found in distinctly different phonetic environments and are not free to vary in terms of where in the mouth they may be produced; /k/ in “could” and “kid”

Question 16

Aspiration

Answer 16

Puff of air when saying a sound

Question 17

Free variation

Answer 17

The phonetic environment has no bearing on how the sound is said, it is up to the speaker; holding the /p/ in keep or making it short

Question 18

Syllable

Answer 18

Smallest unit of speech production

Question 19

Consonant cluster

Answer 19

Two or three contiguous consonants in the same syllable; ex STRing

Question 20

Onset

Answer 20

Part of a syllable that consists of all the consonants that precede a vowel, as in SPLit and TRied

Question 21

Nucleus

Answer 21

Rhyme of a syllable, typically a vowel, part of the syllable with the greatest acoustic energy; ex fAst

Question 22

Syllabic consonants

Answer 22

Phonological processes that generally simplify the production of syllables creating a consonant-vowel pattern; when consonants take on the role of vowels

Question 23

Coda

Answer 23

Rhyme of a syllable, includes either single consonants or consonant clusters that follow the nucleus of a syllable; ex spliT, faST

Question 24

Open syllables

Answer 24

Syllables that end with a vowel phoneme (no coda)

Question 25

Closed syllables

Answer 25

Syllables with a coda, those that end with a consonant phoneme

Question 26

Word stress/lexical stress

Answer 26

Increased emphasis in the production of one syllable

Question 27

Primary stress

Answer 27

Greatest emphasis

Question 28

Secondary stress

Answer 28

No stress

Question 29

Word class

Answer 29

Whether a word is a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc

Question 30

Broad transcription, phonemic transcription

Answer 30

Transcription of speech, making no attempt at transcribing allophones variation, uses virgules

Question 31

Virgules

Answer 31

Slash marks

Question 32

Narrow transcription, allophonic transcription

Answer 32

Relies on diacritics to show modifications in the production of a vowel or consonant phoneme during transcription, uses brackets

Question 33

Impressionistic transcription

Answer 33

Transcription where nothing is known about a particular speech sound system prior to analysis, uses brackets

Question 34

Phonetics

Answer 34

The study of the production and perception of speech sounds

Question 35

Phonology

Answer 35

Systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of language

Question 36

Place of articulation

Answer 36

Specific articulators employed in the production of a particular phoneme; the location of the constriction in the vocal tract in the production of a consonant