Phonetics- Ch 1 and 2 Flashcards
Graphemes
Printed letters
Phonetic alphabet
An alphabet that contains a separate letter for each individual sound in a language; maintains a one-to-one relationship between a sound and a particular letter
Allograph
Different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound; ex hEAt, kEY, rEEd
Digraph
Pair of letters representing one sound; ex lOOk, THink, EAr
Morpheme
Smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning
Free morpheme
Morphemes that can stand alone and still carry meaning
Bound morpheme
Bound to other words and do carry no meaning when they stand alone
Consonants (pulmonic)
Produced with an airstream from the lungs
Non-pulmonic consonants
Produced without the need for airflow from the lungs, clicks
Diacritics
Employed to indicate an alternate way of producing a certain sound; specialized phonetic symbol used in narrow transcription to represent both allophones production as well as suprasegmental features of speech
Suprasegmentals
Used to indicate the stress, intonation pattern, and tempo of any particular utterance in a language
Phoneme
Specific speech sound that is capable of differentiating morphemes and therefore is capable of distinguishing meaning; family of sounds
Minimal pairs or minimal contrasts
Words that vary by only one phoneme on the same word position; ex look and book, hear and beer (it’s by one speech sound)
Allophones
Members of a phoneme family that are a variant pronunciation of a particular phoneme; ex /l/ in lip and bottle
Complementary distribution
Two allophones that are not interchangeable due to the phonetic constraints of the vowel in each word; two allophones that are found in distinctly different phonetic environments and are not free to vary in terms of where in the mouth they may be produced; /k/ in “could” and “kid”
Aspiration
Puff of air when saying a sound
Free variation
The phonetic environment has no bearing on how the sound is said, it is up to the speaker; holding the /p/ in keep or making it short
Syllable
Smallest unit of speech production
Consonant cluster
Two or three contiguous consonants in the same syllable; ex STRing
Onset
Part of a syllable that consists of all the consonants that precede a vowel, as in SPLit and TRied
Nucleus
Rhyme of a syllable, typically a vowel, part of the syllable with the greatest acoustic energy; ex fAst
Syllabic consonants
Phonological processes that generally simplify the production of syllables creating a consonant-vowel pattern; when consonants take on the role of vowels
Coda
Rhyme of a syllable, includes either single consonants or consonant clusters that follow the nucleus of a syllable; ex spliT, faST
Open syllables
Syllables that end with a vowel phoneme (no coda)
Closed syllables
Syllables with a coda, those that end with a consonant phoneme
Word stress/lexical stress
Increased emphasis in the production of one syllable
Primary stress
Greatest emphasis
Secondary stress
No stress
Word class
Whether a word is a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc
Broad transcription, phonemic transcription
Transcription of speech, making no attempt at transcribing allophones variation, uses virgules
Virgules
Slash marks
Narrow transcription, allophonic transcription
Relies on diacritics to show modifications in the production of a vowel or consonant phoneme during transcription, uses brackets
Impressionistic transcription
Transcription where nothing is known about a particular speech sound system prior to analysis, uses brackets
Phonetics
The study of the production and perception of speech sounds
Phonology
Systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of language
Place of articulation
Specific articulators employed in the production of a particular phoneme; the location of the constriction in the vocal tract in the production of a consonant
