Intro To SLP- Ch 1, 2, 3 Flashcards
Communication
An exchange of meaning between a sender and a receiver
Language
Words, sentences, and texts that are used to convey ideas and feelings
Impairment
Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomic structure or function
Disability
Reduced competence in meeting daily living needs
Communication disorder
Any communication structure or function that is diminished to a significant degree
Handicap
A social, educational, or occupational disadvantage that is related to an impairment or disability
Communication difference
Communication abilities that differ from those usually encountered in the mainstream culture even though there is no evidence of impairment
Organic
Disorders that have a physical cause
Functional
Disorders for which a physical cause cannot be identified
Developmental disorders
Delays in speech and language development that occur in the maturation of the individual but may continue into adulthood
Acquired disorders
Speech and language disorders resulting from brain trauma following an accident or stroke, often occurring after communication skills have been fully developed
Incidence
Percentage of the population that experienced a disorder during their lifetime
Prevalence
Percentage of individuals with a disorder at a particular point in time
Articulation disorder
Problems with the production of speech sounds
Fluency disorder
Unusual interruption in the flow of speaking, an atypical rhythm and rate and an unusual number of sounds and syllable repetitions
Phonatory disorder
Abnormalities in the vocal fold vibration that yield changed in loudness, pitch, or quality
Resonance disorder
Problems closing the opening between the nose and the mouth during production of speech sounds
Dementia
General mental deterioration resulting from a pathological deterioration of the brain that progresses and worsens over time
Unilateral
One ear
Bilateral
Two ears
Discrimination
Hearing differences between sounds
Conductive hearing loss
Sounds waves are prevented from moving through the outer ear canal, the tympanic membrane or eardrum, or the middle ear ossicles
Sensorineural hearing loss
Result of dysfunction in the cochlear or eighth cranial nerve that prevents the sound waves from being transformed into signals that may be interpreted by the brain
Speech production
How words and sentences are spoken
Symbolic language
The form and content of what is said and understood
Audiologist
Professionals who study, assess, and treat individuals who have hearing impairments
Otology
Medical specialty that deals with ear disease and the peripheral hearing mechanism
ASHA
American Speech-Language Hearing Association
AAA
American Academy of Audiology
Licensure
Fully credentialed SLPs and audiologists as defined by an individual state
Certification
Standards are developed and administered by professional organizations or state agencies
Accreditation
A procedure that recognizes educational institutions or facilities providing services to the public as maintaining and conforming to necessary standards
CCC
Certificate of Clinical Competence; certificate issued by ASHA in either SLP or audiology that affirms the individual has met the minimal standards for practice in the profession
CEU
Continuing Education Units; ASHA requires that professionals complete 30 hours of this in a 36 month cycles to maintain the CCC
Ethics
Principles of conduct governing an individual or a group
Communication
Any exchange of meaning between a sender and a receiver
Language
Standard set of symbols (sounds or letters) and the knowledge about how to combine those symbols into words, sentences, and texts in order to convert ideas and feelings
Phonemes
Sounds of a language that cause changes in meaning
Manner of articulation
The different ways that speakers can block airflow through the oral cavity using different types of constrictions
Place of articulation
Another way of modifying speech sounds is to produce blockages in different places in the oral cavity
Voicing
Voiced sounds are produced with vibration of the vocal folds and voiceless sounds are produced withe the vocal cords open
Syllables
Units of speech that consist of consonants and vowels
Vowels
Central component of the nucleus around which the rest of the syllable is constructed
Language content
Component of language that related to meaning
Semantics
Linguistic representation of objects, ideas, feelings, and events, as well as the relations among these phenomena
Lexicon
Mental dictionary of words
Language form
Structure of language; involves 3 linguistic systems: phonology, morphology, and syntax
Phonology
The study of the sounds we use to make words
Morphology
The internal organization of words
Free morpheme
Morpheme that can stand alone as a word
Bound morpheme
Grammatical tags or markers in English
Syntax
The linguistic conventions for organizing word order; “grammar”
Language use
Concerns the goals of language and the ways we choose between alternative combinations of words and sentences
Pragmatics
Sociolinguistic conventions; help us decide what to say to whom, how to say it, and when to say it; “use”
Babbling
Infant’s language when they combine different consonants and vowels and string sets of different syllables together in a way that has a speech like quality
Canonical babbling
Around the age of 7 months, infants start to use their voice to make syllable like strings
Reduplicated babbling
In babbling when they produce rhythmic syllables over and over
Variegated babbling
In babbling when they combine different syllables
Expressive jargon
When babbling starts to take on adult like intonation patterns which sounds like statements and questions with the exception that none of the strings of syllables are recognizable words
Story grammar
Similar sequence children use in fictional stories that include a setting, one or more episodes, narration including the main character’s motive to take an action (initiating event), what actions the character the main character took in response to the initiating event (attempts), and what was the result of the action (consequences)
Metaphors
Expressions in which words that usually designate one thing are used to designate another
Idioms
Expressions that have literal and figurative meanings
Phonological processes
Producing words more accurately; production of complex words or in the production of words containing sounds that are late to be acquired
Phonological awareness
In late preschool years and early school age years, children become aware of and start to mentally manipulate the sound structure of the words they say and hear; critically important for learning to read
Genres
Personal accounts, mysteries, science fiction, horror stories, etc
Culture
Set of beliefs and assumptions shared by a group of people that guide how individuals think, act, and interact on a daily basis; constantly changing
Socialization
Process by which an individual learns his or her own culture
Acculturation
Process by which the individuals learns or adapts to another culture
Mismatch
Refers to the mismatch between child socialization and expectations for home language interactions and school language interactions
Basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS)
Language proficiency at a level that requires low cognitive load in situations that are highly contextualized; second language learners take from 1-3 years to learn face-to-face communication
Decontextualized language
Language learning environment devoid of significant nonverbal of contextual cues to assist meaning
Cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP)
Language proficiency at a,eve, that requires high cognitive load in situations that are decontextualized
Communicative demands
Expectations of a specific language interaction
Dialect
Variation of a language that is spoken by people from a particular geographic area
Accent
Particular nonnative stress on syllables in words which often connotes the influence of a second language
Grammatical patterns
Rule governed organization of words in sentences
Jim Crow segregation
The legalized segregation (from about 1900-1960s) barring African Americans from public and social interaction with whites
Code switching
Ability to use AAE in some settings but not in others, or to vary its usage throughout an event
Bilingual
Individuals who can speak and understand two languages
Elective bilingual
People who have studied a foreign language by choice
Circumstantial bilingual
Someone who learns another language because they are living in that environment
Simultaneous bilinguals
People who are exposed to two languages from birth
Sequential bilinguals
People who learn a second language when they go to school or become an adult