Intro To SLP- Ch 4 and 5 Flashcards
Myelin
Fatty insulator covering the axon that speeds transmission of impulses
Efferent
Conveys impulses from higher to lower structures; motor neurons that carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord
Afferent
Neurons that bring info to a higher structure of the nervous system; sensory neurons that bring info to the brain
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers of the nervous system; facilitate or inhibit responses and make complex functional networking of groups of neurons possible
Glial cells
Support cells of the nervous system
Meninges
Tissue layers covering the CNS
Cerebral hemispheres
2 major parts of the cerebrum joined by the corpus callosum
Gyri
Folded parts of the cerebrum
Sulci
Depressions in the cerebrum
Longitudinal fissure
Space that separates the medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Finer pathways joining the cerebral hemispheres
Basal ganglia
Important for the control of movements
Thalamus
Responsible for sensorimotor integration and sensory projection to the cerebral cortex
Brainstem
Lies at the base of the brain in front of the cerebellum and includes in descending order the midbrain, pons, and medulla
Cerebellum
Lies in back and on top of the Brainstem and consists of 2 hemispheres
Broca’s area
Important for programming of movements for speech production; damage in this location causes problems in the planning and carrying out of speech movements
Wernicke’s area
Critical for understanding auditory info; in the temporal lobe;damage to this area results in a marked deficit in understanding what is heard
Pyramidal tract
Direct pathway from the cortical surface go the peripheral nerves
Extrapyramidal tract
Complex system important for control of movements
Resting expiratory level
Mechanically neutral position of the respiratory system
Adduction
Vocal fold movement toward each other/the midline
Glottis
Gap between the vocal folds
Bernoulli effect
As the velocity of airflow increases, pressure decreases with total energy remaining constant; when the speed of airflow along a surface increases, the air pressure against that surface decreases, as air rushes between the vocal folds when they are blown apart the pressure against their surfaces reduces and they are sucked back together by the partial vacuum that is created
Harmonics
Series of simple periodic sounds or pure tones; each tone has a unique frequency and amplitude
Fundamental frequency
Rate of vocal fold vibration, what we perceive as the pitch of the voice
Prosody
Stress and intonation
Source filter theory
Explains how respiration, phonation, and articulation operate together
Formants
Resonances combines with the harmonics closest so too them in frequency
Coarticulation
Simultaneous production of 2 sequential sounds
Articulation
Ability to produce sounds in sequence by moving the articulators
Articulation disorder
Difficulty producing sounds or sound sequences of their language
Phonological disorder
Difficulty with understanding and implementing the underlying rules for producing sounds and sequences
Distinctive features
Reflect underlying units of knowledge that are used to construct sounds in words; system of component features of sounds that is used for describing the difference between the phonemes in a language
Phonological processes
Variations in the way phonemes are combined
Speech delay
Articulation errors or phonological processes that are often seen in younger, normally developing children
Speech disorder
Articulation errors or phonological processes that are rarely seen in normally developing children
Intelligibility
Understanding of spontaneous speech; crucial factor for determining the need for and for the effectiveness of therapy
Consonant clusters
Two consonants “clustered” together without an intervening vowel
Spontaneous speech and language sample
Evaluate the use and integrity of speech production skills in communication
Single word articulation test
Assess the answer ability to produce consonants in varied word positions
Omission
Articulation error in which a child leaves out a speech sound
Substitution
Speech error of j which the child substitutes one sound for the target sound
Distortion
Unrecognizable sound that occurs. When the speaker does not achieve the intended articulatory target
Oral peripheral examination
Evaluate the structure and function of peripheral articulators if the child is capable of complying with the tasks
Decussation
Contralateral crossing of the nerve fibers
Gray matter
Made up of neuron cell bodies
Contralateral innervation
The left side of the body receiving innervation from the right side of the brain
Frontal lobe
Controls conscious thought and primary motor skills
Temporal lobe
Controls hearing and reading
Parietal lobe
Primary sensory area and controls body awareness
Occipital lobe
Controls vision
