Intro To SLP- Ch 4 and 5

Question 1

Myelin

Answer 1

Fatty insulator covering the axon that speeds transmission of impulses

Question 2

Efferent

Answer 2

Conveys impulses from higher to lower structures; motor neurons that carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

Afferent

Answer 3

Neurons that bring info to a higher structure of the nervous system; sensory neurons that bring info to the brain

Question 4

Neurotransmitters

Answer 4

Chemical messengers of the nervous system; facilitate or inhibit responses and make complex functional networking of groups of neurons possible

Question 5

Glial cells

Answer 5

Support cells of the nervous system

Question 6

Meninges

Answer 6

Tissue layers covering the CNS

Question 7

Cerebral hemispheres

Answer 7

2 major parts of the cerebrum joined by the corpus callosum

Question 8

Gyri

Answer 8

Folded parts of the cerebrum

Question 9

Sulci

Answer 9

Depressions in the cerebrum

Question 10

Longitudinal fissure

Answer 10

Space that separates the medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres

Question 11

Corpus callosum

Answer 11

Finer pathways joining the cerebral hemispheres

Question 12

Basal ganglia

Answer 12

Important for the control of movements

Question 13

Thalamus

Answer 13

Responsible for sensorimotor integration and sensory projection to the cerebral cortex

Question 14

Brainstem

Answer 14

Lies at the base of the brain in front of the cerebellum and includes in descending order the midbrain, pons, and medulla

Question 15

Cerebellum

Answer 15

Lies in back and on top of the Brainstem and consists of 2 hemispheres

Question 16

Broca’s area

Answer 16

Important for programming of movements for speech production; damage in this location causes problems in the planning and carrying out of speech movements

Question 17

Wernicke’s area

Answer 17

Critical for understanding auditory info; in the temporal lobe;damage to this area results in a marked deficit in understanding what is heard

Question 18

Pyramidal tract

Answer 18

Direct pathway from the cortical surface go the peripheral nerves

Question 19

Extrapyramidal tract

Answer 19

Complex system important for control of movements

Question 20

Resting expiratory level

Answer 20

Mechanically neutral position of the respiratory system

Question 21

Adduction

Answer 21

Vocal fold movement toward each other/the midline

Question 22

Glottis

Answer 22

Gap between the vocal folds

Question 23

Bernoulli effect

Answer 23

As the velocity of airflow increases, pressure decreases with total energy remaining constant; when the speed of airflow along a surface increases, the air pressure against that surface decreases, as air rushes between the vocal folds when they are blown apart the pressure against their surfaces reduces and they are sucked back together by the partial vacuum that is created

Question 24

Harmonics

Answer 24

Series of simple periodic sounds or pure tones; each tone has a unique frequency and amplitude

Question 25

Fundamental frequency

Answer 25

Rate of vocal fold vibration, what we perceive as the pitch of the voice

Question 26

Prosody

Answer 26

Stress and intonation

Question 27

Source filter theory

Answer 27

Explains how respiration, phonation, and articulation operate together

Question 28

Formants

Answer 28

Resonances combines with the harmonics closest so too them in frequency

Question 29

Coarticulation

Answer 29

Simultaneous production of 2 sequential sounds

Question 30

Articulation

Answer 30

Ability to produce sounds in sequence by moving the articulators

Question 31

Articulation disorder

Answer 31

Difficulty producing sounds or sound sequences of their language

Question 32

Phonological disorder

Answer 32

Difficulty with understanding and implementing the underlying rules for producing sounds and sequences

Question 33

Distinctive features

Answer 33

Reflect underlying units of knowledge that are used to construct sounds in words; system of component features of sounds that is used for describing the difference between the phonemes in a language

Question 34

Phonological processes

Answer 34

Variations in the way phonemes are combined

Question 35

Speech delay

Answer 35

Articulation errors or phonological processes that are often seen in younger, normally developing children

Question 36

Speech disorder

Answer 36

Articulation errors or phonological processes that are rarely seen in normally developing children

Question 37

Intelligibility

Answer 37

Understanding of spontaneous speech; crucial factor for determining the need for and for the effectiveness of therapy

Question 38

Consonant clusters

Answer 38

Two consonants “clustered” together without an intervening vowel

Question 39

Spontaneous speech and language sample

Answer 39

Evaluate the use and integrity of speech production skills in communication

Question 40

Single word articulation test

Answer 40

Assess the answer ability to produce consonants in varied word positions

Question 41

Omission

Answer 41

Articulation error in which a child leaves out a speech sound

Question 42

Substitution

Answer 42

Speech error of j which the child substitutes one sound for the target sound

Question 43

Distortion

Answer 43

Unrecognizable sound that occurs. When the speaker does not achieve the intended articulatory target

Question 44

Oral peripheral examination

Answer 44

Evaluate the structure and function of peripheral articulators if the child is capable of complying with the tasks

Question 45

Decussation

Answer 45

Contralateral crossing of the nerve fibers

Question 46

Gray matter

Answer 46

Made up of neuron cell bodies

Question 47

Contralateral innervation

Answer 47

The left side of the body receiving innervation from the right side of the brain

Question 48

Frontal lobe

Answer 48

Controls conscious thought and primary motor skills

Question 49

Temporal lobe

Answer 49

Controls hearing and reading

Question 50

Parietal lobe

Answer 50

Primary sensory area and controls body awareness

Question 51

Occipital lobe

Answer 51

Controls vision