Phlebotomy 6 Flashcards
thin fluid sac surrounding the heart
pericardium
thin outer layer of the heart
epicardium
middle muscle layer of the heart
myocardium
thin inner layer that covers the flaps of the heart valves and lines the chambers
endocardium
upper chambers of the heart that receive blood
atria
lower chambers of the heart; pumping/delivering chambers
ventricles
valves at the entrance of ventricles
atrioventricular (AV) valves
left AV valve
mitral valve
right AV valve
tricuspid valve
thin threads of tissue attached to the ventricular walls
chordae tendineae
valves exiting the ventricles
semilunar valves
separates left and right atriums
interatrial septum
separates left and right ventricles
interventricular septum
blood flow through arteries/veins
coronary (cardiac) circulation
chest pain usually due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle
angina
plaque build-up, narrowing coronary arteries which reduce blood flow
atherosclerosis
reduced blood flow
coronary artery disease (CAD)
partial obstruction of a coronary artery or one of its branches; can reduce blood flow to a point at which it doesn’t meet oxygen needs
myocardial ischemia
heart attack due to necrosis of surrounding tissue
miocardial infarction (MI)
one complete contraction & subsequent relaxation of the heart, lasting 0.8s
cardiac cycle
contracting phase of the cardiac cycle
systole
relaxing phase of the cardiac cycle
diastole
pacemaker; initiates cardiac contractions
sinoatrial node (SA)
graphic record of heart’s electrical activity; includes: P wave, QRS complex, and T wave
electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
irregularity in the heart’s rate, rhythm, or beat
arrhythmia
force or tension exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels (mmHg)
blood pressure
arterial pressure during contraction of the ventricles
systolic pressure
arterial pressure during relaxation
diastolic pressure
carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to remove CO2 and pickup O2; oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium
pulmonary circulation
carries oxygenated blood and nutrients from the left ventricle to body cells and returns blood to the right atrium with CO2 and other wastes from metabolism
systemic circulation
blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart
arteries
largest artery
aorta
blood vessels returning blood to the heart
veins
microscopic, one-cell thick vessels that connect arterioles and venules
capillaries
the outer layer of a blood vessel; made up of connective tissue; thicker in arteries than veins
tunica adventitia
the middle layer of a blood vessel; thickest layer made up of smooth muscle tissue and elastic fibers; thicker in arteries than veins
tunica media
the inner layer of a blood vessel; made up of a single layer of endothelial cells with an underlaying basement membrane, a connective tissue layer, and an elastic internal membrane
tunica intima
“in front of the elbow”
antecubital
vein of the inner arm above the median and ulnar nerves
basilic vein
vein of the outer arm above the musculocutaneous nerve
cephalic vein
the middle vein above the radial artery and the median nerve
median cubital vein
major arm nerve close to the basilic vein
median nerve
major arm artery close to the basilic vein
brachial artery
first choice of puncture in the “M” shaped patterns (middle arm)
median vein
second choice of puncture in the “M” shaped patterns (outer arm)
median cephalic vein
last choice of puncture in the “M” shaped pattern (inner arm)
median basilic vein
fibrous membrane offering some protection to nerves and arteries
bicipital aponeurosis
fluid portion of blood
plasma
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
formed elements
RBCs; anuclear, biconcave, disks; have intravascular function; carries O2 from lungs to cells and CO2 from cells back to lungs
erythrocytes
white blood cells (WBCs)
leukocytes
polymorphonuclear, “polys” or “PMNs”; destroy pathogens by phagocytosis
neutrophils
ingest and detox foreign protein, turn off immune reactions, and increase with allergies or parasites
eosinophils
cells that release histamine and heparin
basophils
largest WBC, also called “macrophage”
monocytes
T and B cells of the adaptive immune response
lymphocytes
platelets or cell fragments; used in coagulation and hemostasis
thrombocytes
large bone marrow cells that release platelets
megakaryocytes
blood group system with four types: A, B, AB, and O; based on the presence or absence of antigens A & B
ABO
blood group system based on presence or absence of RBC antigen or D antigen
Rh
remaining fluid portion after blood separates from the clot
serum
coagulation factor that is used up during the clotting process
fibrinogen
whitish colored middle layer of WBCs and platelets that forms when whole blood is centrifuged
buffy coat
blood in the same form as in the blood stream
whole blood
arrest or stoppage of bleeding to stop loss of blood from injury
hemostasis
conversion of liquid into semisolid gel called a clot
coagulation
main coagulation enzyme
thrombin
elastic thread-like protein forming a mesh trap for platelets during coagulation
fibrin
process of hemostasis and coagulation originating “outside”; tissue factor (TF) pathway
extrinsic
process of hemostasis and coagulation originating “inside”; contact-activation pathway
intrinsic
in a test tube
in vitro
in a living body
in vivo
reduction in the diameter of the blood vessel caused by contraction of smooth muscle fibers in the tunica media
vasoconstriction
involves adhesion, activation, and aggregation of platelets
platelet plug
involved with greater tissue damage; strong coagulation where primary platelet plug becomes a stable blood clot
hemostatic plug
process where fibrin dissolves: involves dissolving clots that form within intact vessels & removes hemostatic clots in the tissue as it heals; made possible by plasminogen release in the vessel lining and WBCs, which breaks down fibrin, creating fibrin degradation products
fibrinolysis
returns tissue fluid to the blood stream and protects body from microorganisms/impurities
lymphatic system
