Phlebotomy 5 Flashcards
structural composition of the body
anatomy
function of the body
physiology
standing erect, feet parallel, arms at the sides, and eyes and palms facing forward
anatomic position
lying horizontal on the back with the face up
supine
lying face down
prone
flat surface resulting from a real/imaginary cut through the body in the normal anatomic position
body plane
divides body vertically into front/back portions
frontal (coronal) plane
divides body vertically into equal right/left portions
midsagittal (medial) plane
divides body vertically into right/left portions
sagittal plane
divides body horizontally into upper/lower portions
transverse plane
large, hollow spaces housing various organs
body cavities
posterior; located in the back
dorsal
houses the brain
cranial cavity
encases the spinal chord
spinal cavity
from the point of attachment
distal
the point of attachment
proximal
anterior; located in the front
ventral
house heart/lungs
thoracic cavity
houses stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, and kidneys
abdominal cavity
houses urinary bladder & reproductive organs
pelvic cavity
muscle that separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
diaphragm
state of equilibrium
homeostasis
sum of physiological and chemical reactions necessary to sustain life
metabolism
destructive process by which complex substances are broken down into simple substances
catabolism
constructive process by which the body converts simple compounds into complex substances needed for cellular activities
anabolism
command center of the cell because it contains the chromosomes that govern cell activities
nucleus
strands making up chromosomes
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
organizational segments of DNA that can reproduce themselves & are basic units of heredity
genes
complete set of DNA containing all genes of the 23 pairs of chromosome
genome
cell duplicates itself, its DNA, followed by division
mitosis
fat tissue
adipose
connective tissue
cartilage
covering or skin
integument
oil/sweat glands
exocrine glands
outermost/thinnest layer of skin
epidermis
layered
stratified
fat, scalelike
squamous
no blood; lymph vessels
avascular
corium or true skin (inner); made up of elastic & fibrous connective tissue
dermis
elevations that give rise to ridges & grooves forming fingerprints
papillae
beneath skin; made up of connective & adipose tissue
subcutaneous
microscopic
histological
production of blood cells; occurs in the bone marrow
hemopoiesis
colorless, viscid liquid in the cavity of joints
synovial fluid
small sac by joints that is filled with synovial fluid
bursa
highly complex cells capable of conducting messages in the form of impulses that enable body to interact with internal/external environment
neurons
threadlike fibers of neurons that carry messages to the nerve cell body
dendrites
extend out of the neuron and carry messages to next cell
axons
3 layers of connective tissue enclosing the brain/spinal cord
meninges
spinal tap where HCWs enter cavity and obtain CSF sample
lumbar puncture
ductless glands that secrete substances called hormones directly into bloodstream
endocrine glands
powerful chemical substances that have profound effect on body processes such as metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, personality, and the ability of the body to react to stress and resist disease
hormones
master gland of the endocrine system; secretes hormones that stimulate other glands
pituitary gland
hormone that stimulates RBC production when oxygen levels are too low
erythropoietin (EPO)
too much secretion
hypersecretion
secrete too little
hyposecretion
continuous passageway extending from the mouth to the anus through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines
gastrointestinal (GI) tract
wavelike contractions of intestinal muscles that helps move through the system
peristalsis
secrete saliva, which moistens food & begins process of starch digestion
salivary glands
glycogen storage, protein catabolism, detox harmful substances, and secreting bile for fat digestion
liver
secreted by the pancreas; controls blood glucose
insulin
secreted by the pancreas; increases sugar level in the blood
glucagon
digestive enzyme that breaks down starch
amylase
digestive enzyme that breaks down fat
lipase
digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins
trypsin
sex or germ cells
gametes
bean-shaped organs located at the back of the abdominal cavity; maintains water & electrolyte balance and eliminates urea
kidneys
transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
ureters
hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine
urinary bladder
duct through which urine is discharged.
urethra
The part of the kidney responsible for filtering and excretion
nephron
tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney that filters wastes
glomerulus
when a person breathes in air, it travels to the lungs where oxygen enters the bloodstream in the lungs, then carbon dioxide leaves and is breathed out into the air as exhalation
external respiration
oxygen leaves bloodstream and moves into cells in the tissues, while carbon dioxide moves out of the cells and enters the bloodstream
internal respiration
oxygen bound to hemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin
carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin
carbaminohemoglobin
increased carbon dioxide and decreased pH in the blood
acidosis
decreased carbon dioxide and increased pH in the blood caused by hyperventilation
alkalosis
throat
pharynx
voice box
larynx
windpipe
trachea
the passages that direct air into the lungs
bronchi
right with 3 lobes, left with 2 lobes
lungs
thin, double-layered membrane encasing the lungs
pleura
tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
alveoli
coating of fluid on alveoli that lowers the surface tension on the walls to stabilize them
surfacant
