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Bioethics > Philosophy > Flashcards

Philosophy Flashcards

1
Q

Philosopher

Kant

A
  • motives greater than action
  • Always duty that is universally accepted(following what others do)
  • Need to treat people like ends not means
  • Act Rationally (as much as possible)
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2
Q

Philosopher

Pence

A
  • Free until being unrational
  • Do good
  • Don’t do bad
  • Treat sim cases similarly
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3
Q

Philosopher

Socrates

A
  • Always challenge and question
  • Try to learn from everyone
  • hard to find where piety comes from(God, human, someone in between)
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4
Q

Philosopher

Utilitarianism/Stuart Mill

A
  • Increase Pleasure and Decrease Suffering
  • Need to improve societal happiness(gvt job)
  • Problem: Need to judge everyone’s happiness –> Stress –> decreasing your happiness
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5
Q

Philosophy

Sandel’s Justice

A
  1. Promote Virtue
  2. Respect Freedom
  3. Maximize Welfare
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6
Q

Philosopher

Plato

A
  • Develop virtue
  • Gain at 30(fit to rule) and God
  • Inate within humans
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7
Q

Philosopher

Aristotle

A
  • Good upbringing and exp will help develop and understand virtue
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8
Q

Philosopher

Stoics

A
  • Self-preservation defines morality
  • Beyond self-preservation and nature harmony ==> Morality
  • Innate
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9
Q

Philosopher

Aquinas

A
  • Withdraw from Sin and Fear God
  • Summary: More Charitability ==> More Morality
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10
Q

Philosopher

Rousseau

A
  • Age-related morality through stages
  • Morality through ages
  • Age of sensation, idea, and marriage
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11
Q

Philosopher

Durkheim

A
  • Socialization
  • Loves rules and punishment
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12
Q

Philosopher

Dewey

A
  • Wanted a better edu sys that focuses on morality and significance
  • Development leads to increased rationality, socialization, and morality
  • Exp
  • Intentions
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13
Q

Philosopher

Freud

A
  • Better to be irrational
  • Develops through age
  • Self-preservation
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14
Q

Philosopher

Social Learning

A
  • Socialization
  • Experience
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15
Q

Philosopher

Piaget

A
  • Age-development
  • Moral rules: Morality of constraint and morality of cooperation
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16
Q

Philosopher

Kohlberg

A
  • How moral judgements are created and how they change
  • Stages that you must go through and can’t go back
  • Socialization
  • Wanted better edu.
17
Q

Philosopher

Gilligan

A
  • Male and Female have distinct moral interpretations
  • M: right and justice
  • F: care and resposibility
  • F ones Underappreciated
18
Q

Philosopher

Hoffman

A
  • Empathy essential in moral development
  • Development structure through age
19
Q

Justice

Parts of Justice

A
  1. Promiting Virtue
  2. Respecting Freedom
  3. Maximizing Welfare
20
Q

Act Vs Rule

What are Moral Rules

A
  • Have a basis which cannot be undermined
  • Include philosophies we all believe important: don’t kill, steal, lie etc.
  • breaking rule ==> punishment
21
Q

Ethics Basics

How do we know something

A
  • Knowedge
  • Either building up from foundation or floating on uncertainity
22
Q

Ethics Basis

What is Ethics

A
  • Action
23
Q

Govt Job

State of Nature

A
  • When there’s no govt
  • nasty, brutish, short
24
Q

Govt Job

Social Contract

A
  • What ppl give to another in exchange for smth else
  • Ppl(liberty) to govt(safety)
25
Q

Govt Job

Veil of Ignorance

A
  • John Rawls
  • No consideration of identity
  • True feelings and equality under law
26
Q

Morality: Neuroscience

What helpful behavior leads to

A
  • Mutualism
  • Reciprocity
  • Altruism
27
Q

Morality: Neuroscience

Process to Moral Development

A
  1. Self interest ==> Collaborative Foraging ==> increased socialization ==> role division ==> trust ==>
  2. “We before Me” ==> Pressure from group ==>
  3. Morality of Right/Wrong
28
Q

Morality: Neuroscience

Neurobiology

A
  • Executive: Prefrontal Lobes
  • Emotional: Limbic
  • Survival: Stem and Peons
29
Q

Morality: Neuroscience

Utilitarian Thinking Areas

A
  • Insular Cortex: Disgust of moral wrongs
  • Dorsolateral PFC: Strategy and no emotion
  • Anterior Cingulate Cortex + Ventromedial PFC:Emotional decision making
  • Work in opposition until one wins over

Bioethics (12 decks)

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