Philosophy Flashcards
1
Q
Philosopher
Kant
A
- motives greater than action
- Always duty that is universally accepted(following what others do)
- Need to treat people like ends not means
- Act Rationally (as much as possible)
2
Q
Philosopher
Pence
A
- Free until being unrational
- Do good
- Don’t do bad
- Treat sim cases similarly
3
Q
Philosopher
Socrates
A
- Always challenge and question
- Try to learn from everyone
- hard to find where piety comes from(God, human, someone in between)
4
Q
Philosopher
Utilitarianism/Stuart Mill
A
- Increase Pleasure and Decrease Suffering
- Need to improve societal happiness(gvt job)
- Problem: Need to judge everyone’s happiness –> Stress –> decreasing your happiness
5
Q
Philosophy
Sandel’s Justice
A
- Promote Virtue
- Respect Freedom
- Maximize Welfare
6
Q
Philosopher
Plato
A
- Develop virtue
- Gain at 30(fit to rule) and God
- Inate within humans
7
Q
Philosopher
Aristotle
A
- Good upbringing and exp will help develop and understand virtue
8
Q
Philosopher
Stoics
A
- Self-preservation defines morality
- Beyond self-preservation and nature harmony ==> Morality
- Innate
9
Q
Philosopher
Aquinas
A
- Withdraw from Sin and Fear God
- Summary: More Charitability ==> More Morality
10
Q
Philosopher
Rousseau
A
- Age-related morality through stages
- Morality through ages
- Age of sensation, idea, and marriage
11
Q
Philosopher
Durkheim
A
- Socialization
- Loves rules and punishment
12
Q
Philosopher
Dewey
A
- Wanted a better edu sys that focuses on morality and significance
- Development leads to increased rationality, socialization, and morality
- Exp
- Intentions
13
Q
Philosopher
Freud
A
- Better to be irrational
- Develops through age
- Self-preservation
14
Q
Philosopher
Social Learning
A
- Socialization
- Experience
15
Q
Philosopher
Piaget
A
- Age-development
- Moral rules: Morality of constraint and morality of cooperation
16
Q
Philosopher
Kohlberg
A
- How moral judgements are created and how they change
- Stages that you must go through and can’t go back
- Socialization
- Wanted better edu.
17
Q
Philosopher
Gilligan
A
- Male and Female have distinct moral interpretations
- M: right and justice
- F: care and resposibility
- F ones Underappreciated
18
Q
Philosopher
Hoffman
A
- Empathy essential in moral development
- Development structure through age
19
Q
Justice
Parts of Justice
A
- Promiting Virtue
- Respecting Freedom
- Maximizing Welfare
20
Q
Act Vs Rule
What are Moral Rules
A
- Have a basis which cannot be undermined
- Include philosophies we all believe important: don’t kill, steal, lie etc.
- breaking rule ==> punishment
21
Q
Ethics Basics
How do we know something
A
- Knowedge
- Either building up from foundation or floating on uncertainity
22
Q
Ethics Basis
What is Ethics
A
- Action
23
Q
Govt Job
State of Nature
A
- When there’s no govt
- nasty, brutish, short
24
Q
Govt Job
Social Contract
A
- What ppl give to another in exchange for smth else
- Ppl(liberty) to govt(safety)
25
Q
Govt Job
Veil of Ignorance
A
- John Rawls
- No consideration of identity
- True feelings and equality under law
26
Q
Morality: Neuroscience
What helpful behavior leads to
A
- Mutualism
- Reciprocity
- Altruism
27
Q
Morality: Neuroscience
Process to Moral Development
A
- Self interest ==> Collaborative Foraging ==> increased socialization ==> role division ==> trust ==>
- “We before Me” ==> Pressure from group ==>
- Morality of Right/Wrong
28
Q
Morality: Neuroscience
Neurobiology
A
- Executive: Prefrontal Lobes
- Emotional: Limbic
- Survival: Stem and Peons
29
Q
Morality: Neuroscience
Utilitarian Thinking Areas
A
- Insular Cortex: Disgust of moral wrongs
- Dorsolateral PFC: Strategy and no emotion
- Anterior Cingulate Cortex + Ventromedial PFC:Emotional decision making
- Work in opposition until one wins over
