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Bioethics > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

DNA Introduction

What is DNA

A
  • Paired bases placed next to each other
  • Helix structure made of 2 strands with inside bases
  • based on X-ray crystallography by Rosalind Franklin
  • “Discoved” by Watson and Crick
    • Nobel Laureates
  • Carrier of genetic code
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2
Q

DNA Introduction

How did Watson and Crick predicited DNA replication

A
  • Base pairing ==> knowing other half of DNA and can copy it using enzymes
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3
Q

DNA Replication

Process

A
  1. Unwind using DNA Helicase at Promoter
  2. place nucleotides with Polymerase
  3. Bind broken with ligase
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4
Q

DNA Introduction

Triplet Code

A
  • Every three nucleotides of DNA is translated into a protein
  • First transcribed into mRNA, then translated into protein using ribosomes
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5
Q

DNA Replication

Enzymes

A
  • DNA Helicase: Unwinder
  • DNA Polymerase: Nucleotide placer
  • DNA Ligase: Gluer of broken pieces
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6
Q

DNA Introduction

Bases

A
  1. T = Thymene
  2. C=Cytosine
  3. A = Adenine
  4. G = Guanine
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7
Q

DNA Introduction

Introns vs Exons

A
  • Introns: DNA inside nucleus
  • Exons: DNA that can exit nucleus
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8
Q

Genetic Engineering / Biotechnology

Applicaions of Gene Editing

A
  • Better Crops
    • Size: Corn
    • Nutrition: Golden Rice
    • Protection from pests: Cotton and Budworms
  • Treating Diseases
    • Bone Marrow and Lung diseases
    • Vaccines
  • Higlighting diseases and edited genes with GFP
  • Personal Medicine
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9
Q

Genetic Engineering / Biotechnology

Restriction Enzymes

A
  • Break up viral DNA by recognizing palindromic DNA
  • Used to find risk of certain diseases and developing genetic barcode to find Criminals and Paternal Testing
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10
Q

Genetic Engineering / Biotechnology

Process

A
  1. Using restriction enzyme, take target DNA
  2. Insert into cell using Virus vector and express
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11
Q

Genetic Engineering / Biotechnology

Promoters role

A
  • If placed accurately, helps increasingly express newly transplanted gene
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12
Q

Genetic Engineering / Biotechnology

Concerns with GMCO

A
  • Could introduce unintended mutations
  • Barrier for entry
  • In roundup case: Still using powerful pesticide
  • Control of gene expression
  • Integration
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13
Q

DNA Introduction

Chromosome

A
  • Carries genetic information from genes and DNA
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14
Q

DNA Introduction

Allele

A
  • Variations of Genes
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15
Q

DNA Information

Gene

A
  • Group of DNA / Sequence of nucleotides
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16
Q

CRISPR

What is CRISPR-Cas9

A
  • cuts out specific parts of DNA to be replaced
  • Very cheap, quick, and specific compared to Gene Therapy
  • uses DNA of original creature ==> NO problem with USDA
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17
Q

Genetic Therapy

What is Gene Therapy

A
  • Taking Genes from one creature and putting into another creature’s cells
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18
Q

CRISPR

Problems with CRISPR

A
  1. Designer babies ⇒ Wealth gap and perfection?
  2. Unexpected mutations ==> Safety concerns
  3. Relies of Virus vectors ⇒ Immune reaction
  4. Hard to deliver
  5. Still taboo
19
Q

Gene Therapy

Success and Problems with Gene Therapy

A
  • Ashanth (Bubble Boy) able to leave chamber because SCID treated
  • Problem: Treatment in others led to lukemia and death due to mutations
20
Q

Gene Therapy

Somatic Cell Gene Therapy

A
  • Genes inserted within somatic cells ≠ passing down
21
Q

Gene Therapy

Germ Line Gene Therapy

A
  • Genes inserted within gametic ccells ==> passing changes to future generations
22
Q

Genetic Counselors

What are they?

A
  • Process of investigating individuals and families affected by or at risk of genetic disorders to help them understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease
23
Q

Genetic Councelors

Cases

A
  1. Case 1: Child needs to be treated; should father be told he is not the father before or after mother?
  2. Case 2: Deaf Family wants their next child to be deaf; Can they use IVF to make sure it happens?
  3. Case 3: David has genetic history of seizures but hasn’t had one; should he reveal to employer?
    • GINA protects his rights
  4. Case 4: Bryce wants to know if he has ALS b/c genetic history, but his mom doesn’t; Can he do it if it goes against mom’s wishes?
24
Q

Human Genetics

Dominant vs Recessive Genes

A
  • Dominant = most likely to be expressed
  • Recessive = Not as likely
25
Q

Human Genetics

completely dominant genes and codominant/incompletely dominant genes

A
  • Complete: 1 dominant allele(red)
  • Co-dominant: Both alleles(red and white)
  • Incomplete: Mix of alleles(pink)
26
Q

Problems with Science

Thomas Kuhn

A
  • Sci Philosopher
  • Sci driven by paradigm
    –> continually shifts and needs to be rebuilt
  • Incommensurability: Break from past everytime ==> continuous relearning
27
Q

Problem with Sci

Problematic Figures

A
  • Thomas Jefferson: Politician + Scientists who said Whites > blacks
  • Humors and geocentric universe
  • Eugenics
  • DDT: Initially Nobel Prize, then problematic, then good
  • Proton Collider : No public input
28
Q

DNA Discovery

Erwin Chargaff

A
  • DNA comprises of various amounts of A,C,T,G
    • %A≈%T and %C≈%G
29
Q

DNA Discovery

Rosalind Franklin

A
  • Found helix of DNA through Xray Crystallography
30
Q

DNA Discovery

Maurice Wilkins

A
  • Nobel Laureate
  • Boss of Rosalind who showed W & C X-ray crystallography
31
Q

Gene Flourescent Protein

Gene Flourescent Protein

A
  • Glowing protein found in jellyfishes that can be put in other creatures/ proteins
32
Q

Gene Flourescent Protein

Douglas Prasher

A
  • Found GFP genetic code and can be used in other organzisms
33
Q

Gene Flourescent Protein

Shimomura

A
  • Found GFP
  • Nobel Laureate
34
Q

Gene Flourescent Protein

Marty Chalfie

A
  • Put GFP into E.coli. by annealing it to plasmid DNA
  • Nobel Laureate
35
Q

Gene Flourescent Protein

Lukyanov

A
  • Found GFP-like proteins in corals ==> Red version
36
Q

Gene Flourescent Protein

Tsien

A
  • Manipulated GFP to make many different colors
  • Nobel Laureate
37
Q

CRISPR

Yoshizumi Ishino

A
  • 1987
  • Discovered Plaindromes(Usually in Viral DNA) in Bacterial DNA
  • Named it Clustered Regualary Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats(CRISPR)
38
Q

CRISPR

Fransisco Mojica

A
  • 2003
  • Realizes CRISPR = restriction enzyme against Viruses
39
Q

CRISPR

Rodolphe Barrangou

A
  • 2007
  • Spacers = bacterial protection
40
Q

CRISPR

Kira Makarova

A
  • 2007
  • Cas proteins cut viral DNA/RNA
41
Q

CRISPR

Jennifer Doudna

A
  • 2007: RNA sequences withing protein ==> specific use
  • can be used to do gene editing
  • Nobel Laureate
  • Became leader in gene editing Moritorium
42
Q

CRISPR

Emmanuele Charpentier

A
  • 2010
  • Tracer RNA = cutter
  • 2011(with Doudna): Make CRISPR Mechanism
43
Q

CRISPR

Human Research

A
  • Has apparently happened but not accepted and heavily looked down apon
44
Q

CRISPR

Lu You

A
  • 2016
  • edited Cancer Cell

Bioethics (12 decks)

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