DNA Flashcards
DNA Introduction
What is DNA
- Paired bases placed next to each other
- Helix structure made of 2 strands with inside bases
- based on X-ray crystallography by Rosalind Franklin
- “Discoved” by Watson and Crick
- Nobel Laureates
- Carrier of genetic code
DNA Introduction
How did Watson and Crick predicited DNA replication
- Base pairing ==> knowing other half of DNA and can copy it using enzymes
DNA Replication
Process
- Unwind using DNA Helicase at Promoter
- place nucleotides with Polymerase
- Bind broken with ligase
DNA Introduction
Triplet Code
- Every three nucleotides of DNA is translated into a protein
- First transcribed into mRNA, then translated into protein using ribosomes
DNA Replication
Enzymes
- DNA Helicase: Unwinder
- DNA Polymerase: Nucleotide placer
- DNA Ligase: Gluer of broken pieces
DNA Introduction
Bases
- T = Thymene
- C=Cytosine
- A = Adenine
- G = Guanine
DNA Introduction
Introns vs Exons
- Introns: DNA inside nucleus
- Exons: DNA that can exit nucleus
Genetic Engineering / Biotechnology
Applicaions of Gene Editing
- Better Crops
- Size: Corn
- Nutrition: Golden Rice
- Protection from pests: Cotton and Budworms
- Treating Diseases
- Bone Marrow and Lung diseases
- Vaccines
- Higlighting diseases and edited genes with GFP
- Personal Medicine
Genetic Engineering / Biotechnology
Restriction Enzymes
- Break up viral DNA by recognizing palindromic DNA
- Used to find risk of certain diseases and developing genetic barcode to find Criminals and Paternal Testing
Genetic Engineering / Biotechnology
Process
- Using restriction enzyme, take target DNA
- Insert into cell using Virus vector and express
Genetic Engineering / Biotechnology
Promoters role
- If placed accurately, helps increasingly express newly transplanted gene
Genetic Engineering / Biotechnology
Concerns with GMCO
- Could introduce unintended mutations
- Barrier for entry
- In roundup case: Still using powerful pesticide
- Control of gene expression
- Integration
DNA Introduction
Chromosome
- Carries genetic information from genes and DNA
DNA Introduction
Allele
- Variations of Genes
DNA Information
Gene
- Group of DNA / Sequence of nucleotides
CRISPR
What is CRISPR-Cas9
- cuts out specific parts of DNA to be replaced
- Very cheap, quick, and specific compared to Gene Therapy
- uses DNA of original creature ==> NO problem with USDA
Genetic Therapy
What is Gene Therapy
- Taking Genes from one creature and putting into another creature’s cells
CRISPR
Problems with CRISPR
- Designer babies ⇒ Wealth gap and perfection?
- Unexpected mutations ==> Safety concerns
- Relies of Virus vectors ⇒ Immune reaction
- Hard to deliver
- Still taboo
Gene Therapy
Success and Problems with Gene Therapy
- Ashanth (Bubble Boy) able to leave chamber because SCID treated
- Problem: Treatment in others led to lukemia and death due to mutations
Gene Therapy
Somatic Cell Gene Therapy
- Genes inserted within somatic cells ≠ passing down
Gene Therapy
Germ Line Gene Therapy
- Genes inserted within gametic ccells ==> passing changes to future generations
Genetic Counselors
What are they?
- Process of investigating individuals and families affected by or at risk of genetic disorders to help them understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease
Genetic Councelors
Cases
- Case 1: Child needs to be treated; should father be told he is not the father before or after mother?
- Case 2: Deaf Family wants their next child to be deaf; Can they use IVF to make sure it happens?
- Case 3: David has genetic history of seizures but hasn’t had one; should he reveal to employer?
- GINA protects his rights
- Case 4: Bryce wants to know if he has ALS b/c genetic history, but his mom doesn’t; Can he do it if it goes against mom’s wishes?
Human Genetics
Dominant vs Recessive Genes
- Dominant = most likely to be expressed
- Recessive = Not as likely
Human Genetics
completely dominant genes and codominant/incompletely dominant genes
- Complete: 1 dominant allele(red)
- Co-dominant: Both alleles(red and white)
- Incomplete: Mix of alleles(pink)
Problems with Science
Thomas Kuhn
- Sci Philosopher
- Sci driven by paradigm
–> continually shifts and needs to be rebuilt - Incommensurability: Break from past everytime ==> continuous relearning
Problem with Sci
Problematic Figures
- Thomas Jefferson: Politician + Scientists who said Whites > blacks
- Humors and geocentric universe
- Eugenics
- DDT: Initially Nobel Prize, then problematic, then good
- Proton Collider : No public input
DNA Discovery
Erwin Chargaff
- DNA comprises of various amounts of A,C,T,G
- %A≈%T and %C≈%G
DNA Discovery
Rosalind Franklin
- Found helix of DNA through Xray Crystallography
DNA Discovery
Maurice Wilkins
- Nobel Laureate
- Boss of Rosalind who showed W & C X-ray crystallography
Gene Flourescent Protein
Gene Flourescent Protein
- Glowing protein found in jellyfishes that can be put in other creatures/ proteins
Gene Flourescent Protein
Douglas Prasher
- Found GFP genetic code and can be used in other organzisms
Gene Flourescent Protein
Shimomura
- Found GFP
- Nobel Laureate
Gene Flourescent Protein
Marty Chalfie
- Put GFP into E.coli. by annealing it to plasmid DNA
- Nobel Laureate
Gene Flourescent Protein
Lukyanov
- Found GFP-like proteins in corals ==> Red version
Gene Flourescent Protein
Tsien
- Manipulated GFP to make many different colors
- Nobel Laureate
CRISPR
Yoshizumi Ishino
- 1987
- Discovered Plaindromes(Usually in Viral DNA) in Bacterial DNA
- Named it Clustered Regualary Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats(CRISPR)
CRISPR
Fransisco Mojica
- 2003
- Realizes CRISPR = restriction enzyme against Viruses
CRISPR
Rodolphe Barrangou
- 2007
- Spacers = bacterial protection
CRISPR
Kira Makarova
- 2007
- Cas proteins cut viral DNA/RNA
CRISPR
Jennifer Doudna
- 2007: RNA sequences withing protein ==> specific use
- can be used to do gene editing
- Nobel Laureate
- Became leader in gene editing Moritorium
CRISPR
Emmanuele Charpentier
- 2010
- Tracer RNA = cutter
- 2011(with Doudna): Make CRISPR Mechanism
CRISPR
Human Research
- Has apparently happened but not accepted and heavily looked down apon
CRISPR
Lu You
- 2016
- edited Cancer Cell
