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Bioethics > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Making Babies

Mitosis

A

Exact Copying

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2
Q

Making Babies

Meiosis

A

Diploid to Haploid ⇒ Variation

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3
Q

Male Reproduction System

A
  1. Testes: Spermatogensis
  2. Epididimus: Maturation
  3. Seminal Vesicle: Glucose
  4. Prostate and bulbourethral: Alkaline
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4
Q

Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System

A
  1. Ovaries : Oogensis(Meiosis)
    * Large and small egg ⇒ Oogensis part 2
  2. Oviduct = Fallopian Tube
  3. Uterus
  4. Endometrium: Egg Implantation
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5
Q

Female Reproductive System

Ovulation

A

Egg Release

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6
Q

Female Reproductive System

Zona Pelucida

A

Jelly Layer around egg that disappears when endometriosis occurs

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7
Q

Reproduction

Polyspermy

A

Unsuccessful Embryos

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8
Q

Development Process

A

Mitosis–>Morula –> Blastocyst –> Inner Cell Mass–> Trophoblast cells

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9
Q

Infertility - Medical Definitions

Infertility

A

Inability to conceive after a year of frequent intercourse.

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10
Q

Infertility - Medical Definitions

Subfertility

A

Conception can occur but it takes longer than usual.

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11
Q

Infertility - Medical Definitions

Sterile

A

Complete Inability to conceive

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12
Q

Infertility - Medical Definitions

Pregnancy Problems

A

Can be anything from low BMI to chromosome abnormalities

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13
Q

Normal Sperm

A
  • 20 million/mL
  • 75% survival
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14
Q

Causes for decreased sperm motility

A
  1. Y-Chromosome Deletion
  2. Hormone and Gene malfunction
  3. Oxidative Stress ⇒ Cell Damage
  4. Hormone Imbalance due to drugs
  5. Testicular Problems
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15
Q

Causes for decreased sperm motility

Zoospermia

A

No sperm in semen

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16
Q

Causes for decreased sperm motility

Oligospermia

A

Decreased sperm count

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17
Q

Female Causes for Infertility

A
  1. Maternal Age: Increased Miscarriage and Infertility
  2. Uterine Fibroids
  3. Fallopian Tubes Damage:
    1. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
  4. Hormone Imbalances(PCOS = Too much Testosterone)
  5. Hypothyroidism
  6. Drugs
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18
Q

Female Causes of Infertility

Endometriosis

A

Endometrial Tissue outside Endometrium

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19
Q

ICSI

A
  • Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
  • Inject Sperm straight into the egg
  • Helps those with low Sperm motility
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20
Q

Stem Cells

A

Unspecialized Cells

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21
Q

Stem Cells

Types

A
  • Totipotent: Anything in the body or embryonic
  • Pluripotent: Any body cells
  • Multipotent: Certain types of cells
    * Endoderm: Lung, Pancreas, etc.
    * Mesoderm: Heart, blood, etc.
    * Ectoderm: skin, neuron, etc.
22
Q

Stem Cell History

Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman

A
  • 1981
  • Infinitely spreading Mouse stem cells(from blastocyst) on dish
23
Q

Stem Cell History

Picky-Wicker Amendment

A
  • 1996
  • No federal money to embryonic research
  • No money for embryonic creation/ destruction for research
24
Q

Stem Cell History

Dr.James Thompson

A
  • 1998
  • first human stem cell line while killing embryo
25
Q

Stem Cell History

Yamanaka

A
  • 2006
  • Forms pluripotent stem cells from Mouse skin = iPSC
26
Q

iPSC

A
  • Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
27
Q

Allogenic Stem Cell Transplant

A
  • Same Species
  • Bone Marrow
28
Q

Autologous Stem Cell Transplant

A
  • Same Person
  • Same Person leads to less complications
29
Q

Treatment for Parkinsons

A
  • Replace Substancia Niagra
30
Q

Type I Diabetes

A
  • Replace insulin Pancreas cells
31
Q

Cloning

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer(SCNT)

A
  • Transferring nucleus(= complete set of chromosomes) to egg
32
Q

Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

A
  • Empty oocyte +Adult cell nucleus
33
Q

Cloning

Therapeutic cloning:

A
  • Empty oocyte +Adult cell nucleus
  • Used embryonic stem cells
34
Q

Cloning

Nuclear Reprogramming

A
  • iPSC
35
Q

Cloning

Paracrine Factors

A
  • Cell ←→Cell signaling
  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors ⇒ Increased blood vessels
36
Q

Cloning

iPSC vs SCNT

A
  • iPSC:
    * Old Mitochondria
    * Shorter Telomeres
    * No Eggs
  • SCNT
    * Young Mitochondria
    * Eggs
37
Q

History Of Cloning

August Weisman

A
  • Recognizing nucleus importance
38
Q

History of Cloning

Hans Driesh

A
  • Cells are totipotent
  • Nucleus can create clones by transplant
39
Q

History of Cloning

Briggs & King

A
  • 1st SCNT cloning in frog with unspecialized cells
  • Devleoping a technique to move nuclei from one cell to another
  • Increased cell differentiation led to less generalized DNA
40
Q

History of Cloning

John Gurdon

A
  • Differentiated cells have all the DNA
41
Q

History of Cloning

Campbell and Ritchie

A
  • Mammal cloning from nucleus of Blastocysts
42
Q

History of Cloning

Ian Wilmut et al

A
  • Using Adult cells to clone mammals
  • Created Dolly
43
Q

Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning

Benefits of Theraputic Cloning

A
  • Grows organs and can save yourself
  • Reduces chance of rejection
  • More localized
44
Q

Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning

Negatives of Theraputic Cloning

A
  • Very Expensive
  • Ethics: Starting at life
  • Low success rate
  • Older mitochondria
  • Destroying embryo
45
Q

Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning

Positives of Reproductive Cloning

A
  • Remove Genetic Disease
  • Reproduce Successful People
  • Help those not able to have kids
  • Breakthroughs in science
  • Livestock perfection
  • Bring back pets/ endangered animals/ people
  • Not destroying embryo
46
Q

Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning

Negatives of Reproductive Cloning

A
  • Very Expensive
  • Invasive
  • Create identity problems
  • Low genetic variation
  • No evolution
  • Increasing wealth gap
  • Role of God
  • Clones die young
  • The dignity of clone will (not) be respected
47
Q

Leftover Embryos

Rios Family Options

A
  1. Divide among kids
  2. Don’t do anything
  3. Flush them
  4. Donate to others or science
48
Q

Leftover Embryos

Potential Laws

A
  • No Freezing
  • Donate to others or science
  • Both with exceptions
49
Q

What is IVF

A
  • In Vitro Fertilization
  • Process
    1. Follicle Aspiration
    2. Fertilization
    3. Embryo Transfer
  • Addition: Assistive Hatching = helping break ZP
50
Q

GIFT

A

Gamete Intrafallopian Tube Transfer

51
Q

ZIFT

A

Zygote Intrafallopian Tube Transfer
Mix in fallopian tube

Bioethics (12 decks)

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