Human Reproduction Flashcards
Making Babies
Mitosis
Exact Copying
Making Babies
Meiosis
Diploid to Haploid ⇒ Variation
Male Reproduction System
- Testes: Spermatogensis
- Epididimus: Maturation
- Seminal Vesicle: Glucose
- Prostate and bulbourethral: Alkaline
Female Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
- Ovaries : Oogensis(Meiosis)
* Large and small egg ⇒ Oogensis part 2 - Oviduct = Fallopian Tube
- Uterus
- Endometrium: Egg Implantation
Female Reproductive System
Ovulation
Egg Release
Female Reproductive System
Zona Pelucida
Jelly Layer around egg that disappears when endometriosis occurs
Reproduction
Polyspermy
Unsuccessful Embryos
Development Process
Mitosis–>Morula –> Blastocyst –> Inner Cell Mass–> Trophoblast cells
Infertility - Medical Definitions
Infertility
Inability to conceive after a year of frequent intercourse.
Infertility - Medical Definitions
Subfertility
Conception can occur but it takes longer than usual.
Infertility - Medical Definitions
Sterile
Complete Inability to conceive
Infertility - Medical Definitions
Pregnancy Problems
Can be anything from low BMI to chromosome abnormalities
Normal Sperm
- 20 million/mL
- 75% survival
Causes for decreased sperm motility
- Y-Chromosome Deletion
- Hormone and Gene malfunction
- Oxidative Stress ⇒ Cell Damage
- Hormone Imbalance due to drugs
- Testicular Problems
Causes for decreased sperm motility
Zoospermia
No sperm in semen
Causes for decreased sperm motility
Oligospermia
Decreased sperm count
Female Causes for Infertility
- Maternal Age: Increased Miscarriage and Infertility
- Uterine Fibroids
- Fallopian Tubes Damage:
1. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - Hormone Imbalances(PCOS = Too much Testosterone)
- Hypothyroidism
- Drugs
Female Causes of Infertility
Endometriosis
Endometrial Tissue outside Endometrium
ICSI
- Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
- Inject Sperm straight into the egg
- Helps those with low Sperm motility
Stem Cells
Unspecialized Cells
Stem Cells
Types
- Totipotent: Anything in the body or embryonic
- Pluripotent: Any body cells
- Multipotent: Certain types of cells
* Endoderm: Lung, Pancreas, etc.
* Mesoderm: Heart, blood, etc.
* Ectoderm: skin, neuron, etc.
Stem Cell History
Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman
- 1981
- Infinitely spreading Mouse stem cells(from blastocyst) on dish
Stem Cell History
Picky-Wicker Amendment
- 1996
- No federal money to embryonic research
- No money for embryonic creation/ destruction for research
Stem Cell History
Dr.James Thompson
- 1998
- first human stem cell line while killing embryo
Stem Cell History
Yamanaka
- 2006
- Forms pluripotent stem cells from Mouse skin = iPSC
iPSC
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Allogenic Stem Cell Transplant
- Same Species
- Bone Marrow
Autologous Stem Cell Transplant
- Same Person
- Same Person leads to less complications
Treatment for Parkinsons
- Replace Substancia Niagra
Type I Diabetes
- Replace insulin Pancreas cells
Cloning
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer(SCNT)
- Transferring nucleus(= complete set of chromosomes) to egg
Cloning
Reproductive Cloning
- Empty oocyte +Adult cell nucleus
Cloning
Therapeutic cloning:
- Empty oocyte +Adult cell nucleus
- Used embryonic stem cells
Cloning
Nuclear Reprogramming
- iPSC
Cloning
Paracrine Factors
- Cell ←→Cell signaling
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors ⇒ Increased blood vessels
Cloning
iPSC vs SCNT
- iPSC:
* Old Mitochondria
* Shorter Telomeres
* No Eggs - SCNT
* Young Mitochondria
* Eggs
History Of Cloning
August Weisman
- Recognizing nucleus importance
History of Cloning
Hans Driesh
- Cells are totipotent
- Nucleus can create clones by transplant
History of Cloning
Briggs & King
- 1st SCNT cloning in frog with unspecialized cells
- Devleoping a technique to move nuclei from one cell to another
- Increased cell differentiation led to less generalized DNA
History of Cloning
John Gurdon
- Differentiated cells have all the DNA
History of Cloning
Campbell and Ritchie
- Mammal cloning from nucleus of Blastocysts
History of Cloning
Ian Wilmut et al
- Using Adult cells to clone mammals
- Created Dolly
Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning
Benefits of Theraputic Cloning
- Grows organs and can save yourself
- Reduces chance of rejection
- More localized
Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning
Negatives of Theraputic Cloning
- Very Expensive
- Ethics: Starting at life
- Low success rate
- Older mitochondria
- Destroying embryo
Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning
Positives of Reproductive Cloning
- Remove Genetic Disease
- Reproduce Successful People
- Help those not able to have kids
- Breakthroughs in science
- Livestock perfection
- Bring back pets/ endangered animals/ people
- Not destroying embryo
Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning
Negatives of Reproductive Cloning
- Very Expensive
- Invasive
- Create identity problems
- Low genetic variation
- No evolution
- Increasing wealth gap
- Role of God
- Clones die young
- The dignity of clone will (not) be respected
Leftover Embryos
Rios Family Options
- Divide among kids
- Don’t do anything
- Flush them
- Donate to others or science
Leftover Embryos
Potential Laws
- No Freezing
- Donate to others or science
- Both with exceptions
What is IVF
- In Vitro Fertilization
- Process
- Follicle Aspiration
- Fertilization
- Embryo Transfer
- Addition: Assistive Hatching = helping break ZP
GIFT
Gamete Intrafallopian Tube Transfer
ZIFT
Zygote Intrafallopian Tube Transfer
Mix in fallopian tube
