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Bioethics > Experiments > Flashcards

Experiments Flashcards

1
Q

Medical Experiments

Hindsight Bias

A

Tendency to believe, after learning outcome, that one wpuld have forseen it

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2
Q

Medical Experiments

Science Attitude

A

Curious, Skeptical, Humble

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3
Q

Medical Experiments

Types of Experiements

A
  1. Case Studies: 1 case to learn about a rare thing
  2. Naturalistic Observation: Describe behavior without explination
    1. Hawthorne Effect: Ppl act different when being observed
  3. Survey: Lots of data in short time and need to have representative group
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4
Q

Correlation

What is it?

A
  • Extent to which two factors change together
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5
Q

Correlation

Illusory Correlation

A

Percieved non-existent correlation

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6
Q

Correlation

Regression Toward Mean

A

Uncontrollable events correlate with actions

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7
Q

Medical Experiments

What is Experimentation

A
  • Investigator that manipulates factors
  • Control and Experimental Groups
  • Matched Pair design
  • single and double blind studies
  • statistics to show data as bigger deal
  • standard dev: √∑dev^2/# of scores
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8
Q

Ethics in Research

1st Nuremberg Code of Medical Ethics

A
  • 1947
  • Ethical guidelines for conducting experiements on humans
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9
Q

Ethics in Research

Shocking Trials

A
  • Stanley Milgram
  • Testing to see if Americans not followers like Germans
  • Many went to max
  • Problems:
    • Not equal to Nazis because not racial bias
    • Screams could be heard by subjects
    • Led to New ethics (Helsinki Declaration) around written consent. caution, decreased placebo effect, participants must benefit
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10
Q

Ethics in Research

Stanford Prison Experiment

A
  • Philip Zimbardo
  • 1960
  • Abuse of participants and unsanitary conditions
  • Not good protections or consent
  • Led to Institutional Review Board(1974)
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11
Q

Ethics in Research

Belmont Report

A
  1. Respect of Persons
  2. Beneficence
  3. Justice
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12
Q

Animal Use in Science and Research

What they have helped with

A
  • Dogs used to find rabies
  • Koch: Germ Theory by injecting cow anthrax into mice
  • Pasteur: First tested on guinea pigs to find vaccines for Diphtheria and anthrax
  • 1st surgical advancements and blood transfusions and Tissue + Organ Transplants
    • Corneal: Rabbits
    • Kidney: Dogs and Cats
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13
Q

Animal Use in Science and Research

3Rs

A
  1. REPLACE with other methods
  2. REDUCE trials
  3. REFINE(decrease stress of study animals)
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14
Q

Animal Use in Science and Research

Lash Lure Incident

A
  • 1933
  • Blindness and death in women b/c 0 testing
  • FDA ==> Animal Testing for all products
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15
Q

Animal Use in Science and Research

Regulate Testing / Decrease Testing

A
  1. 1959: 3Rs
  2. Animal Welfare Act: 95-99% animals not protected
  3. Organ Chips = Replacement but require Stem Cells
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16
Q

Humans vs Animals

Definition of Language

A
  1. Discreet Units of Language
  2. Grammar
  3. Productivity = usability
  4. Talk about things not here
    * Animals can do a few but not all and can’t have moral discussions
17
Q

Human Experimentation

Boston Project Uranium Injections

A
  • William Sweet
  • No proper consent or success
  • People given doses to large for their bodies and wasn’t properly monitored ==> More problems
  • Not all people about to die
18
Q

Human Experimentation

Marshall Islands

A
  • Approved by Truman
  • Bomb Testing
    • Cause radiation effects and dislocated the people of Bikini Atoll
    • Tested also on unsuspecting American soldiers for decades to test how bad it was and if they could be treated
19
Q

Human Experimentation

Eugene Saenger

A
  • Full Body Irradiations to remove cancer
  • Funded by DoD
  • Subjects were low IQ, poor, and black Americans
  • didn’t have informed consent
20
Q

Human Experimentation - Ethics during WWII

Mengele

A
  • Altitude experiments, Hypothermia exp., twin exp.
  • Soldiers hesitant but disassoc. with gas chambers
  • dissected people to see how viruses affected them
21
Q

Human Experimentation - Ethics during WWII

Ishii

A
  • Leader of Unit 731
  • Experiments on Chinese and POWs abt diseases
  • Made deal to get out of persectution by giving data to Am.
22
Q

US Human Experimentation

Stateville Penitentiary Malaria Study

A
  • Testing alternate med to treat malaria(not quinine[all in German hands]) on prisoners
  • No consent only $2.50
23
Q

US Human Experimentation

Mustard Gas Tests

A
  • Af. Am. soldiers unknowingly exposed and found that M.G. killed white blood cells and high dividing cells
24
Q

Informed Consent

What is it?

A
  • Must tell
    1. Exp
    2. Side effects
    3. Composition
    4. Affect on QOL and health
    5. 0 benefit possible
    6. Placebo = Standard Care
    7. Voluntary
25
Q

Informed Consent

Failures of IC

A
  • Nazi hypothermia trials results still used today
26
Q

US Human Experimentation

Tuskegee Syphilis

A
  • Tested Af. Am. without consent
    • Told them that they would get treatment for ‘bad blood’
  • Oslo = On whites but Tuskegee is for black
  • Kept going even after treatment found(Penicillin) and 0 to Af. Am. for 40 years
  • Done by Am Gvt
  • Could be fatal if not treated(after decades)
  • Reasons: Commitment to cause and see full effects of syphilis
    • Racism, Money, Contributing to Sci
    • Bl. Doctors: No choice because job security
27
Q

US Human Experimentation

Willowbrook

A
  • Tested vaccine again Hep on mentally disabled kids in willowbrook penetentarys
28
Q
A

Bioethics (12 decks)

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