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Bioethics > Identity Part 2 > Flashcards

Identity Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomy

Binomial Nomenclature

A
  • Genus name + Species Name
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2
Q

Taxonomy

Cladistics

A
  • Evolutionary Relationships with positive or negative traits
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3
Q

Taxonomy

Species vs Subspecies

A
  • Species: Can interbreed and produce viable offspring
  • Subspecies: Different traits but can still interbreed
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4
Q

Reproductive Isolation and Separation

Hybrid

A
  • Two species can mate without fertile offspring
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5
Q

Reproductive Isolation and Separation

Allopatric Speciation

A
  • Separated by geography
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6
Q

Reproductive Isolation and Separation

Sympatric Speciation

A
  • Separation/Isolation but can meet if wanted to
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7
Q

Reproductive Isolation and Separation

Types of Sympatric Isolation

A
  1. Prezygotic:
    1. Behavioral: Calls
    2. Temporal: Mating time
    3. Habitat
    4. Gamete/ZP3 incombatibility
  2. Postzygotic:
    1. Hybrid Inviability: No development of offspring
    2. Sterility: 0 fertile offspring
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8
Q

Reproductive Isolation and Separation

Examples

A
  • Salamanders in California are same species but different subspecies
  • Need to be polymorphic in gene pool for subspecies
  • May become sep species with time and more genetic variation
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9
Q

Reproductive Isolation and Separation

Ernest Mayr

A
  • Helped introduce subspecies after working with Birds of Paradise
  • Was just a continum of one species adapting to different environment
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10
Q

Reproductive Isolation and Separation

Subspecies Criteria

A
  1. Polymorphic
  2. Geo Isolation but can interbreed
  3. Genetic Difference(75% Rule)
  4. Physically Different
    * Human Races ≠ subspecies because doesn’t apply to 75% rule
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11
Q

Skin Color

What is it caused by?

A
  • Melanocytes ==> Melanin(in Melanosomes)
    • Transported to keratinocytes by tubes
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12
Q

Skin Color

Determination and Correlated to

A
  1. Types:
    1. Phenomelanin: Pink/Yellow
    2. Eumelanin: Brown/Black
  2. Amount of Melanin
  3. Number of Melanosomes
    * Correlated to UV Radiation Levels
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13
Q

Evolution of Skin Color

Old Theory

A
  • Started with chimps wit hwhite skin
  • From Persistance Hunting, Sweating, and less hair, there was more need for melanin
  • Problem: Cancer comes too late for evolution
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14
Q

Evolution of Skin Color

New Theory

A
  • Because UV destroys Folate and Folic Acid, needs to increase melanin for dark skin
  • Since UV needed for Vitamin D production
    1. Vitamin D needed for calcium absorption
    2. Decerased Vitamin D ==> Rickets
    3. As go away from equator:Decreased melanin for Vitamin D
  • Balance between Vitamin D and Folate
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15
Q

Evolution of Skin Color

Folic Acid

A
  • Prevent anemia in pregnancy
  • Needed to make new cells and synthesize DNA
  • Prevents spina bifida and hydrocephalus
  • Needed for sperm production
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16
Q

Population Separation

How population separation(race) came to be

A
  • Race Genetic Drift ==> Founder and Bottleneck Effect
  • Genome ==> skin color ≠ genetic equality
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17
Q

Bias

Bias Systems

A
  1. Unconcious = 90%
    • Automatic and Error Prone
  2. Conscious = 10%
    • Effortful and Reliable
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18
Q

Bias

Schema

A
  • Mental Framework of abstract concepts
  • Social Schema: Certain traits for groups
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19
Q

Bias

Representativeness Heuristic

A
  • Judge membership of someone based on how close they are to a certain schema
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20
Q

Bias

Anchoring Effect

A
  • Reason to believe something
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21
Q

Bias

False Consensus Effect

A
  • Surrounding yourself with others who agree with you
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22
Q

Bias

Just World Effect

A
  • Believing the world is fair
  • Helps us rationalize what happens to others
  • Helps us think that our efforts will be rewarded
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23
Q

Bias

Fundamental Attributional Error

A
  • Focusing on external factors and ignoring internal factors
24
Q

Bias

Actor-Observer bias

A
  • External affect us
  • Internal affect others
25
Q

Bias

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A
  • Treat someone based on bias which leads to proving bias
26
Q

Bias

How different societies view success and failure

A
  • Individualistic: Success = Internal vs Failure = External
  • Collectivisitic: Success = External vs Failure = Internal
27
Q

Racism

Ideological(Explicit) vs Implicit

A
  • Nazis/KKK vs Unconcious
28
Q

Problems with IAT

David Amodio and Patricia Devine

A
  1. Testing with Trivia and what parts they take
  2. How close they sit to a partners chair based on name sound
29
Q

Problems with IAT

Phyiscian Implicit Bias

A
  • Black recieve less analgesia b/c can tolerate less pain
  • White more treatment
30
Q

Evolutionary Causes for Implicit Bias

Group Reasons

A
  • Outgroup Bias
  • Reduced with religion which makes more people ingroup
31
Q

Evolutionary Causes for Implicit Bias

Brain Reasons

A
  • amygdala: Lights up with racial bias
  • Non-stressful conditions = ventromedial PFC dampening
  • Stressful = hypothalamus and amygdala activation
32
Q

Evolutionary Causes for Implicit Bias

Tania Singer

A
  • Mirror neurons when other people get hurt
  • in the Anterior Singulate Cortex
33
Q

Defining Race

Biology vs Societal

From Smith

A
  • Bio = Similar
  • Soc = Difference ==> judgement/stereotypes==> power
    • also equal action of percieving others
34
Q

Male vs Female Ethics

Sex

A

Biology at Birth

35
Q

Male vs Female Ethics

Sexuality

A
  • Psychiology
  • Masculine / Feminine
36
Q

Male vs Female Ethics

Gender Identity

A

Private

37
Q

Male vs Female Ethics

Gender Role

A

Societal Definition

38
Q

Male vs Female Ethics

Sexual Orientation

A

Erotic Desire

39
Q

Biological Separation of Males and Females

Wolffian Ducts

A
  • Dev with Testosterone @ 6 weeks
40
Q

Biological Separation of Males and Females

Müllerian Ducts

A
  • Dev without Testosterone @ 6 weeks
41
Q

Biological Separation of Males and Females

Y-chromosome

A
  • < 74 genes
  • Determine increased height and bone length
  • SRY gene
42
Q

Biological Separation of Males and Females

SRY gene

A
  • Transcription Factor
  • Leads to production of Testosterone, anti-müllerian hormone (Internal Structures)
  • Test ==> 5alpha-Reduction==> dihydrogentestosterone (External)
43
Q

Biological Separation of Males and Females

Syndromes

A
  • Swyer: No SRY
    • Tall but really small uterus and infertile
  • XX male: XX and SRY
    • Male/ Ambiguous External Appearance: male gender role
    • Sterile(azoospermia)
  • XY Androgen Insensitivity(AIS): No binding of Test
    • External = female
    • Psych = female
    • Tall, thin, no uterus
44
Q

Biological Separation of Males and Females

5-alpha Reductace Deficiency

A
  • High amount of Test ≠≠> dihydrogentestosterone
  • Internally Male only
  • transitions from Female to Male during puberty
45
Q

Biological Separation of Males and Females

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia(CAH)

A
  • Increased Androgen ==> Increased Testosterone ==> Identifying as male
46
Q

Male vs Female Brain Comparisons

Intra- vs Inter-hemispheric Connectivity

A
  1. Higher in men
  2. Higher in women
47
Q

Male vs Female Brain Comparisons

General

A
  • While men brain larger, only b/c gave to do with body size
  • Men: Increased parietal cortex(spacial awareness), Increased amygdala, increased SQ
  • Women: Increased Hippo, FC, Corpus Callosum, Broca and Wiernike’s area, EQ
48
Q

Male vs Female Brain Comparisons

Hormone effect on sep brains

A
  • Second wave of Testosterone ==> Male brain
49
Q

Homosexuality

How Homosexual males different from Hetero males

A
  • Have cell clusters in hypothalamus≈ hetero women
  • Have male pheremone receptors
  • Caused by many genes
  • More male older siblings ==> increased chance of homosexuality
50
Q

Heritability

Purely Genetic Syndromes

A
  • Down: Extra trisome(chromosome)
  • Klinefelter: XXY(appear male but masks male effects)
51
Q

Heritability

Definition

A
  • Proportion of variation among individuals in population due to genetic causes
  • Calculated by Heritability Coefficient
  • Abstract and Population Concepts: math and not about individuals
52
Q

Heritability

MAO-A

A
  • Warrior Gene
  • Increased = less agression in men and vice versa in women
53
Q

Heritability

Seratonin

A
  • Balance Critical
  • Too much = anxiety; Too little = agressive
  • Short-form==> Agression
54
Q

Heritability

Phenylketonuria(PKU)

A
  • Couldn’t break down Phenylalanine ==> neurotoxicity
  • Can alter by decreasing Phen in diet==> healthier babies
55
Q

Gay Marriage

Past Cases

A
  • 1986: Bowers v. Hardwick: State decision
  • 1996: Romer v. Evans: Colorado couldn’t descriminate
  • 2003: Lawrence v. Texas: Complete SCOTUS overturning(no state control)
  • 2013: US v. Windsor & Hollingsworth v. Perry: 0 talk about marriage
56
Q

Gay Marriage

Obergefell v. Hodges

2015

A
  • Gay marriage legal
  • 4 principles
    1. Personal Choice and Autonomy: Loving
    2. Marriage Contraceptions(Intimate Associations): Griswold
    3. Purpose of Marriage(safeguards children and family): Windsor
    4. Marriage = keystone of nation’s social order: Maynard
57
Q

Gay Marriage

Majority vs Dissenting Opinion

A
  • Kennedy: Lawfully expressing identity
  • Roberts: SCOTUS ≠ Leg ==> 0 role in case
  • Thomas: Court ≠ giving rights
  • Alito: People’s decision
  • Scalia: majority = hubris & coup & playing god

Bioethics (12 decks)

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