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GR 12 > PHILO RECIT > Flashcards

PHILO RECIT Flashcards

1
Q

Philosophical discipline which deals with questions of what enables interpretation and understanding

A

Hermeneutics

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2
Q

Hermeneutical reflection which is in the service of skillful understanding and explication—and convincing and persuading

A

Philosophical Hermeneutics

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3
Q

Rules of Biblical Hermeneutics

A

Literal
Historical
Grammatical
Contextual

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4
Q

Each word is given the same exact basic meaning it would have in normal, ordinary, customary usage, whether employed in writing, speaking, or thinking

A

Literal

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5
Q

Each passage is put into its proper historical setting and surrounded with the thoughts, attitudes, and feelings prevalent at the time of writing

A

Historical

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6
Q

Words are given meanings consistent with their common understanding in the original language at the time of writing

A

Grammatical

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7
Q

Always taking the surrounding context of a verse/passage into consideration when trying to determine its meaning
Being open to the cultural, religious, or historical setting of the events described in the text

A

Contextual

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8
Q

Common flaws in reasoning that weaken or invalidate your argument’s logic

A

Logical Fallacies

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9
Q

Can be invalid arguments or irrelevant points

A

Logical Fallacies

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10
Q

Frequently discovered due to the absence of evidence to support the assertion

A

Logical Fallacies

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11
Q

2 Main Types of Logical Fallacies

A

Formal Fallacies
Informal Fallacies

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12
Q

Flaws in their structure

A

Formal Fallacies

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13
Q

Flaws in their content

A

Informal Fallacies

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14
Q

Common Logical Fallacies

A

Fallacy of Equivocation
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacy of Division
Argument from Ignorance
Appeal to Inappropriate Authority
Appeal to Pity
Appeal to Popular Will
Appeal to Force
False Cause
Begging the Question
Hasty Generalization
Ad Hominem

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15
Q

“To call by the same name”
One uses the same term in a different situation with different meaning

A

Fallacy of Equivocation

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16
Q

Something must be true of the whole because it is true of some parts of the whole

A

Fallacy of Composition

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17
Q

Something that is true for the whole is also true for the parts of the whole

A

Fallacy of Division

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18
Q

Your conclusion must be true because there is no evidence against it
Wrongly shifts the burden of proof away from the one making the claim

A

Argument from Ignorance

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19
Q

A statement is true because an authority says it is, without any other supporting evidence

A

Appeal to Inappropriate Authority

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20
Q

cause the acceptance of a conclusion
Attempt to distract from the truth of the conclusion by the use of -emotion

A

Appeal to Pity

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21
Q

One appeals to general, common, popular, or stereotypical prejudices or beliefs to cause the acceptance of some conclusion

A

Appeal to Popular Will

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22
Q

Appeal to Popular Will A.K.A ?

A

Bandwagon Effect

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23
Q

A person uses threat or force to advance an argument

A

Appeal to Force

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24
Q

Appeal to Force A.K.A ?

A

Ad Baculum

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25
Q

The effect is related to a cause because both events occur one after the other

A

False Cause

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26
Q

A conclusion is taken for granted in the premises
The conclusion is assumed to be true in the argument’s premises

A

Begging the Question

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27
Q

A conclusion is drawn from insufficient evidence
Making a broad claim based on limited or unrepresentative data

A

Hasty Generalization

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28
Q

Hitting the person below the belt instead of focusing on the issue at hand

A

Ad Hominem

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29
Q

“Man is always more than what he knows about himself”
who?

A

Karl Jaspers

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30
Q

one of the most prominent questions in philosophy. The man’s pursuit of discovering the self has always been a big part of man’s journey towards life.

A

“Who am I?”

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31
Q

German-Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher who had a strong influence on modern theology, psychiatry, and philosophy
Existentialist philosopher
Known in the philosophy of mind

A

Karl Jaspers

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32
Q

From being a psychiatrist, - turned to philosophical inquiry and attempted to discover an innovative philosophical system

A

Karl Jaspers

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33
Q

Our being is lost in a context of total determination. Thus, questions such as “who am I?” lead us to the depth of our being.

A

Discovering the Self

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34
Q

This task will call us to leave the ‘ordinariness’ of the given time and context in our existence

A

Discovering the Self

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35
Q

Generally and commonly defined to represent the entire human race

A

Man

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36
Q

Various classifications and species
For a living man, human is under the classification of Mammalia

A

Human

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37
Q

Term used to separate man from other human classifications like animals

A

Human Being

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38
Q

Individual who possesses self-awareness, self-determination, rational mind (rational beings know that you are a body and soul), and the capacity to interact with others and with himself/herself

A

Person

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39
Q

State of being a person with unique, sacred, and ethical status within himself/herself

A

Personhood

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40
Q

Deepest and natural behavior of a person that distinguish from animals

A

Human Nature

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41
Q

With a body, which is tangible and has 3 components: soul, mind, and spirit
Entitled and granted rights and privileges by the state which he or she legally belongs

A

Human Person

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42
Q

-Animating core living within each of us
-Driving force behind what we actually think, do, and say
-refers to the inseparable union of human and soul
-The body is not separate from the soul, just as the soul is not separate from the body

A

Embodied Spirit

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43
Q

-Karl Jaspers name the situations that is inevitable in our existence as ‘limited’ human beings
-It opens us an opportunity to engage in the philosophical question, “who am i?”
-Leads us to sometimes question the answers that we usually associate with it
-The “I” will be the content of the question itself

A

Boundary Situations

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44
Q

This common human experience breaks us away from our

A

conventional and often mundane patterns of life

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45
Q

This common human experience breaks us away from our conventional and often mundane patterns of life
questions?

A

Why am I experiencing pain?
What is the meaning of these experiences?
Why should I suffer?

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46
Q

Theory that the mental and the physical – or mind and body or mind and brain – are, in some sense, radically different kinds of thing
Philosophy attributes the soul or spirit as the mind or our mental capacity

A

Dualism

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47
Q

The soul exists prior to the body and even after the body is gone

A

Theory of Forms

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48
Q

The body and soul are separable
The body and soul are different substances and have different functions (Dualism)
Improved by Rene Descartes

A

Theory of Forms

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49
Q

-It asserts that the physical realm is only a shadow, or image, of the true reality of the Realm of Forms
-Everything we see is just a reflection of those in the world of forms

A

World of Matter (Material Realm)

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50
Q

Unchanging
The place where sanctified souls are believed to live after death

A

World of Forms (Eternal Realm)

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51
Q

Immaterial, indestructible, immutable, unchanging; parang sperm cell; independent of the body; immortal

A

Soul

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52
Q

-Just a soul using a body
-After death, the body is left in the world of matter to rot, while the soul rises to the world of forms and wait for another body

A

Human Person

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53
Q

The soul and body are one. At birth, there is a soul and a body. The soul since birth is the same until death. A human person needs a soul and a body to live.
Body and soul are inseparable
Improved by St. Thomas Aquinas
who said?

A

Aristotle

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54
Q

Who Am I?
from?

A

Indian Philosophy

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55
Q

Mutable
Material
Destructible

A

Body = Matter

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56
Q

Immutable
Imaterial
Indestructible

A

Soul = Form

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57
Q

-Acknowledges the existence of his body, a figure that occupies space
-Recognizes the existence of his mind, spirit, or soul as he looks at his ability to think, move, and feel, which his mind or reasoning

A

Dualism

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58
Q

-A theory that there is only one fundamental kind, category of thing or principle
-It posits that reality is fundamentally composed of a single substance or essence

A

Monism

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59
Q

Catholic priest in the Dominican Order and is considered to be one of the most important medieval philosophers and theologians
Doctor of the Church
Summa Theologica

A

St. Thomas Aquinas

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60
Q

Recognized for his work giving 5 philosophical proof of God’s existence
In his study, he emphasizes the actuality and incorporeality of God as the “unmoved mover”

A

St. Thomas Aquinas

61
Q

Body is the matter and the soul is the form which unity makes a being possible. It will cease to exist if one is missing. This is what we witness in death.

A

Monism

62
Q

This holistic line of thinking can be explained by Aristotle’s idea that “the whole is the sum total of its parts.” Taking away one part will make the whole impossible

A

Monism

63
Q

-We see this belief in Christianity where the body and soul are believed to be God’s creation. It sees humans as an embodied soul.
-Our body is an expression of what is within us
-And so, our soul is an essential part of our humanity that we should nourish and take care of well. Christians speak of a ‘judgement day’ the soul will be saved and united with our bodies again.

A

Christianity’s perspective on Body and Soul

64
Q

Explores the notion of inner sense which we can understand as reflection or introspection. This activity engages us in our consciousness. This consciousness is the essence of our personal identity.
who??

A

John Locke

65
Q

who?
-Discussed that ourselves consist of our thoughts and sensations that we our conscious or aware of
-The “I” or the self is conscious, using Descartes word the self is a thinking being
-English philosopher and political theorist
-“Essay Concerning Human Understanding” discusses about the self and knowledge
-Known for recognizing the self as tabula rasa or blank slate—we are innate and born clueless; we gain knowledge through experiences
-His political philosophy is known to be the basis of American constitute which is the model of our Philippine Constitution

A

John Locke

66
Q

recognizes self as a rational agent who is responsible for his/her own thoughts and attitude; reasoning and thinking

A

Rationalist

67
Q

consciousness is consciousness of something; life or state of the person

A

Existentialist

68
Q

sees the self as an embodied subjectivity that exist and gives meaning; lived experience

A

Phenomenologist

69
Q

often leads us to contemplate our existence and contemplating about our existence brings us terror or depressing thoughts.

A

Consciousness

70
Q

Confronted with this reality, our - of our living and purpose in the world will be triggered, which can cause the feeling of distress or anxiety

A

Consciousness

71
Q

-Thinking, reasoning, understanding, comparing, analyzing are all associated with our faculty of reason
-It enables us to discover more about ourselves and in the long run will help us endure and survive life
-The more we made use of this faculty, the more we live a fulfilling life

A

Reason

72
Q

-A view that considers human to be the most important species with a superior worth than other species
-Human beings continually destroy and consume natural resources for their own interest to the point of degradation and worst to extinction

A

Anthropocentric Model

73
Q

-Humankind is merely a portion of the biological system of community and that we have the vital role as guardians of nature
-Both living and nonliving organisms are reliant on the processes in the ecosystem

A

Ecocentric Model

74
Q

Human Being’s Approaches to Environment

A

Instrumental Approach
Axiological Approach
Anthropological Approach
Utilitarianism
Natural Law Ethics
Virtue Ethics Perspective

75
Q

Humans protect the environment because it has value or importance

A

Instrumental Approach

76
Q

Human beings recognize the intrinsic value of the environment

A

Axiological Approach

77
Q

Human beings unveil his or her being as human or what being human ought to be

A

Anthropological Approach

78
Q

The right way of giving value to the environment boils down to the greatest happiness for majority

A

Utilitarianism

79
Q

Human beings respect nature because God created it for divine purpose

A

Natural Law Ethics

80
Q

The care and respect to the environment becomes a habitual performance

A

Virtue Ethics Perspective

81
Q

The beauty, uniqueness, and complications of the nature are reflections of an organized, detailed, and perfect God

A

Sacredness of Environment

82
Q

“symbolizes a possible encounter with the Divine”

A

Natural environment

83
Q

Pope Francis’ encyclical Laudato Si’ (Praise be to You) on the care of our common home

A

-Response to the cry of the earth
-Response to the cry of the poor
-Ecological economics
-Adoption of simple lifestyles
-Ecological education
-Ecological spirituality
-Community engagement and participatory action

84
Q

task of supervising or taking care of something

A

Stewardship

85
Q

Humans have the responsibility to take care, protect, and cultivate his or her potentialities, faculties, and functions, but this responsibility is not limited to his or her own self, instead it extends to his or her environment (Timbreza, 1982)
For the benefit of all

A

The Spirit of Stewardship

86
Q

It does not mean that we have the freedom and authority to manipulate or control creations or environment
This is the responsibility as a creation that has the capability of thinking reasonably and a reflection of the Creator. In this context, he or she recognizes the “otherness” of the environment

A

Human = Summit of Creation

87
Q

In this relationship between humans and the environment, one is being objectified by the other one

A

The Spirit of Nonexistence

88
Q

The important matter to look at this point is that the problem in their relationship is when man chooses to act against the environment without considering its response resulting to uncontrolled natural calamities

A

The Spirit of Nonexistence

89
Q

-Human recognized their dependency on the environment
-As we try to appreciate the nature and system of the environment, we get to care more and cultivate that understanding of its value
-This acknowledgement still is what benefits humans

A

The Spirit of Coexistence

90
Q

Kinds of Relationship (Martin Buber)

A

I - It Relation
I - He/She
I - Thou Relation

91
Q

-Environment is an object to be experienced and used which exists for technological processing in human eyes
-Humans are detached from the otherness
-A superficial and manipulative relationship
-Humans perceive environment as an object without considering its wholeness of capabilities
-Objectifies the people and things around them

A

I - It Relation

92
Q

-Environment is considered as a - ; as a subject in its wholeness
-Human relates it with a - (You) to attain self-realization
-There is respect and acceptance of the possibilities and consciousness of the environment
-Acknowledgement of the environment as an entity or a subject that when taken care of reach its maximum potentials in this world

A

I - Thou Relation

93
Q

“Man is born free, but he is everywhere in chains.”
who?

A

(Jean Jacques Rousseau)

94
Q

“Freedom is the illusion of an imprisoned mind.”

A

(Leonid Sukhorukov)

95
Q

Placed before a word to characterize, ‘wholeness,’ ‘all,’ ‘all-inclusive’

A

Pan

96
Q

“All events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes”

A

Determinism

97
Q

Human behaviors are biologically, psychologically, and sociologically determined

A

Pan-Determinism

98
Q

Biological Determinism

A

Genetics
Hormones
Man’s Biological Determinism

99
Q

-What we are and what we will be, genes will play a big factor
-If you ask your doctor, they will probably agree that our body directly influences our attitudes and behavior

A

Genetics

100
Q

Neuroscientists prove that they are chemical messengers released from endocrine glands to regulate behaviors such as aggression, mating, and parenting of individuals

A

Hormones

101
Q

-All of this relates to a man’s biological make-up at work
-Something that a man doesn’t have a freedom to choose for himself, but just so happens to be present in his/her system

A

Man’s Biological Determinism

102
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Psychological Determinism

103
Q

-Austrian neurologist who pioneered the study of psychoanalysis, psychodynamic, and psychosexual
-Known for his study about the 3 aspects of human personality (id, ego, and superego) and the 3 level of the minds

A

Sigmund Freud

104
Q

-Today, he remains influential in the field of psychology and even in philosophy
-Libido: The passion that drives the motivation to continue and pursue what you want
-Agrees on the pretense that man is not free
-Highlights that man is governed by his/her mental state. In his study, he proposes that there are different dimensions in our mind, which he compares to an iceberg.

A

Sigmund Freud

105
Q

-The small amount of mental activity we know about
-Thoughts
-Perceptions

A

Conscious (Ego)

106
Q

Conscious

A

Ego

107
Q

-Things we could be aware of if we wanted or tried
-Memories
-Stored knowledge

A

Preconscious (Superego)

108
Q

Preconscious

A

(Superego)

109
Q

-Things we are unaware of and can not become aware of
-Fears
-Unacceptable desires
-Violent motives
-Irrational wishes
-Immoral urges
-Selfish needs
-Shameful experiences
-Traumatic experiences

A

Unconscious (Id)

110
Q

Unconscious

A

(Id)

111
Q

-Most known American psychologist and social philosopher of the 20th century
-Pioneer and advocate of behaviorism, which he discusses through his approach of operant conditioning
-Known for his experiment “Skinner Box” or “BF Skinner:” The reward and punishment

A

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

112
Q

-Specific consequences are associated with a voluntary behavior
-Rewards introduced to increase behavior
-Punishment introduced to decrease behavior.

A

Operant Conditioning

113
Q

-Add good stuff
-Behavior is encouraged
-Encouragement to continue the behavior

A

Positive Reinforcement

114
Q

-Stop bad stuff
-Behavior is encouraged

A

Negative Reinforcement

115
Q

-Stop good stuff
-Behavior is discouraged

A

Negative Punishment

116
Q

-Add bad stuff
-Behavior is discouraged

A

Positive Punishment

117
Q

Groups consist of people, institutions consist of actions

A

Institutions

118
Q

Economy, moral, spiritual value

A

Family

119
Q

How to think

A

School

120
Q

Morality, concept of afterlife

A

Church

121
Q

What to do and what to avoid (by laws and constitutions)

A

State-

122
Q

-Austrian psychiatrist and psychotherapist who is known for psychological approach of logotherapy
-Proposed that psychotherapy should help man find its meaning in life, since this is man’s primary motivation for living

A

Viktor Frankl

123
Q

who?
-Published a book titled “Man’s Search for Meaning:” “Man will understand meaning of life once that person undergo with circumstances and suffering”
-Man cannot find meaning of his life if he is chained or does not have freedom
-Biological, Psychological, Sociological
-Characterized human freedom as man’s destiny
-We are all free and we must know our limitations

A

Viktor Frankl

124
Q

-Death is the contradiction of life. While we want to exist and continue to exist, death put end to this desire
-Human freedom and death seem to be incompatible. This is an absurd condition; a condition where our intention is met with the silence and indifference of the world.

A

The Absurdity of Death

125
Q

-The being of human beings can be established on a purely phenomenological basis without reference to a deity or the concept of immortality
-Addressed immortality, life after death, and the nature of death during one’s existence
who?

A

Martin Heidegger

126
Q

-Man (which he named Existence) through death becomes aware of his finitude, and thus, he chooses human beings as the only way of understanding existence among creatures
-Death is the most original form of the possibility of Existence that threatens the entire universe, so the existence understood by the notions of he way to be in charge of his own life
who?

A

Martin Heidegger

127
Q

-If man cannot face up to death existentially, he either preoccupies himself with worldly things or escapes into a mystical realm
-Death ‘Deathlessness’ and Existenz in- Philosophy: A human being is not merely a physical entity but a being with a transcendent aspect, which is in some sense ‘deathless’
who?

A

Karl Jaspers

128
Q

A person’s death is not seen as the end because the soul is regarded as immortal

A

Religious View of the Significance of Death

129
Q

Tenets of this Religious View

A
  1. Man’s being is non-finite in that existence continues beyond death both bodily and spiritually, however not as a disembodied soul
  2. What comes after death is valued higher than ‘being-in-the-world’ here and now
  3. Belief in resurrection and judgement by God is closely tied up with the significance of the individual’s actions during his lifetime. After death, the individual’s life is judged, the good are rewarded, and the bad are punished.
130
Q

2 Specific Forms of Existence After Death

A

Peaceful existence in heaven
Suffering in hell

131
Q

-Our knowledge of our death may not be experiential but it is with certainty that we will die
-Everyone dies. It is an ultimate truth. A truth that no one can deny and no one can defy. The unfortunate thing about this truth, however, is that it remains to be revealed.

A

Certainty of Death

132
Q

-Death is uncertain as to its time, place, and the way it happens
-It always catches people unaware as the Boholanos observe, “Death comes to us whether we are standing or sitting” (Mabaquiao)
-There is one thing uncertain about it and that is, we do not know whether life continues after death, and so, we ask “does the death of our body mean the death of our life or is there a truth to the promise that there is life after death?”

A

Uncertainty of Death

133
Q

The Paradox of Death

A

Certainty of Death
Uncertainty of Death

134
Q

2 General Views on Death

A

Materialist
Spiritual

135
Q

When the body dies, the soul continues to live

A

Materialist

136
Q

To die is to be home in Heaven with God. It should be embraced with a joyful heart.

A

Spiritual

137
Q

-We live for a purpose and we commit ourselves to that purpose, believing that it can be realized, which, in turn, brings meaning to our lives
-Our reasons for existence are anchored on that purpose. Our strengths lie on our faith that that purpose will be realized.
-Life becomes meaningful because of death. Life—situations offer us opportunities to discover meanings in life and create values.

A

The Meaning of Death

138
Q

who? believes meaning can be found through creativity and work, human interaction and experience, and the manner in which we respond to inevitable suffering

A

Frankl

139
Q

means to be aware of the meanings that concrete and singular situations bring us

A

conscious

140
Q

is to seize the opportunity to experience or to create a meaning offered by the situation

A

responsible

141
Q

Frankl believes that to exist as a human is to be ? and ?

A

conscious and to be responsible

142
Q

-Human person may have gone but the meanings they created stay forever; they are not lost but they are stored in eternity
-For Aristotle, life is a potency that has to be actualized. It is by living our lives that this potency is converted into an act. Life, then, is a process of becoming, attaining being in death.
-For Frankl, our death does not render the meanings we have fulfilled meaningless. Meanings are not lost with our death.

A

Death Actualizes Man’s Potentials

143
Q

Attitudes Toward Death

A

Know Thyself
Live a Meaningful Life
Live Fully in the Present Moment
Live Calmly
Live Courageously

144
Q

-For Socrates, we are afraid of death because we think that death is evil. This sort of thinking is ignorance. If it is the root of the fear of death, then knowledge must be the antidote.

-Buddha also believes that the way out of fear of death is through understanding human nature

A

Know Thyself

145
Q

-Believing that life has a purpose or meaning makes death bearable. If life indeed has a purpose or a meaning, fulfilling that purpose or meaning would give us the same relief when Jesus says “It is finished.”

A

Live a Meaningful Life

146
Q

-To live a full life is to celebrate life and to celebrate life is to conquer death
-Rather than being consumed by the fear of death, live a full life—a life of full awareness, lived at present, appreciating, cherishing, and enjoying everything the world offers at the present moment

A

Live Fully in the Present Moment

147
Q

-Death is a human event that happens for a reason, that is is not within our control, and that it is only our mind we can control
-The right attitude in life is to mind not about those things beyond our control and to take charge of those things within our control
-Mabaquiao (2016): Stoics believe that the universe is governed by reason. All phenomena exist for a reason, therefore, everything is alright.
-We should not interfere with the natural occurrence of things.

A

Live Calmly

148
Q

-Confronted with courage, death does not only become bearable but it becomes a source of spiritual transformation
-True courage is born out of understanding
-One who truly understands life is not afraid to die

A

Live Courageously

GR 12 (10 decks)

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