PHILO QUIZ Flashcards
-A remark when you tried to argue and reason out
-Said when someone is trying to be witty with their reasoning that made us speechless
-Look at one perspective
Pilosopo
Those who study philosophy as an academic discipline are perpetually engaged in asking, answering, and arguing for their answers to life’s most basic questions
Philosopher
Philos
love
Sophia
wisdom
Philosophy Greek meaning
love for wisdom
-Big ideas arising from big questions
-One of the main branches of philosophy
-Deals with the “beings of beings”
-Study of reality
Metaphysics
-Aspect of philosophy
-Arguments or reasons given for people’s answers to their questions
-Employed to study the nature and structure of arguments
Logic
“Wonder is the feeling of a philosopher, and philosophy begins in wonder.” by who?
Socrates / Plato
-Stimulates us to venture into philosophy
-Curiosity is when you think of how to use a new gadget, while wisdom is to ask whether one can live without it
Wonder
About facts and ideas that we acquire through study
Knowledge
-Ability to discern and judge which aspects of that knowledge are true, right, lasting, and applicable to your life
-To be wise is to know the truth
Wisdom
Classification of Wisdom according to Aristotle
Theoretical Wisdom
Practical Wisdom
Knowledge in the realm of action
Practical Wisdom
To know the necessary truths and its logical consequences
Theoretical Wisdom
-Always rooted from a bigger triggering problem or situation
-The beginning to finding an answer is to ask a -
Philosophical Question
-To think of an answer to these questions is to engage in a -
-Compels us to look at a particular experience from a wider perspective
Philosophical Reflection
-A part of the whole
-Just one among the other questions
-Confined to a single situation
Particular
-The whole
-Talks about the experiences which particular questions arises
-Requires consideration of other aspects of human experiences relevant and connected to it
-Can answer the particular question
Universal
What makes philosophy different in science is that a scientific question is always confined to the particular, whereas a philosophical question “leads into the totality of beings” and “inquires into the whole”
The goal is that from a particular philosophical question, the wholeness of reality is revealed
The Essence of Human Freedom
-German philosopher
-Studies metaphysics
-The Essence of Human Freedom
Martin Heidegger
-360 B.C.E.: There were things that device, confuse, or mislead in this world
-Looking for real answers requires much intellectual effort and rational ability
-One of the most famous philosophers who ever lived
-Greek Athenian philosopher
-Student of Socrates
-Teacher to Aristotle
-Wrote numerous dialogues in which Socrates is the main character
Plato
“Every person that engages in philosophical reflection must recognize that possible answers to philosophical questions require adequate justification or rational basis.”
Plato
Most famous works of Plato
Apology: an account of Socrates’s trial
Republic: Theory of Forms
-Left no writings but conversed with people from all walks of like using question and answer as a concrete living out of his famous advice—”know thyself”
-His commitment to philosophy was the reason he was condemned to death
-His life is a puzzle because Plato, Xenophon, and Aristophanes presented differing accounts
-One must admit that he is not wise
Socrates
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
Socrates
is a technique to resolve philosophical questions; dates back to the ancient Greek; art of refutation; grew more in the modern era in the form of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis
Dialectics
must be supported by proof and logical argument to be considered true
claim
proposed the dialectical pattern in history—the interplay of opposing ideas is needed for growth
G.W.F. Hegel and Karl Marx
is considered as a result of collaboration with partners in dialogue or conversation
Philosophical discovery
-Surpassed his teacher by the number of works he wrote and diverse fields he studied (i.e. philosophy, biology, politics, psychology, and art)
-Tutored a 13-year-old boy Alexander the Great
-also put up a school in Athens called Lyceum
Aristotle
-A time of subjectivity and individualism—centered on man
-Result of rising modern science and the diminished power of the church in 17th century
Anthropocentric View (Modern View)
-Church sustained man’s intellect in which the world became secondary to God (“theos” in Greek)
-Philosophers such as Avicenna, St. Augustine, and St. Thomas Aquinas existed
Theocentric View (Medieval Period)
Philosophical Thought in 3 Views
Cosmocentric View (Ancient Philosophy)
Theocentric View (Medieval Period)
Anthropocentric View (Modern View)
-Understand the ultimate nature of the world or the origin of the universe (“arche”—”starting point” in Greek)
-In Western philosophy, Thales was the first to wonder about the origin of the universe that led him to the view that water is the underlying principle of all things
Cosmocentric View (Ancient Philosophy)
-Knowledge is acquired through reason independent of sense experience
-Knowledge is based on ideas
Rationalism
-All knowledge is ultimately derived from sense experience
Empiricism
3 Claims of Socrates
- Know thyself
- The unexamined life is not worth living
- Virtue is knowledge of good and bad
-is through a series of questioning and answering
-Compelled people to think, to defend their views, and to account for what they know and do not know
Socratic Method
-When we fail to examine what we think, we missed the opportunity to know ourselves better
-Engaging in philosophical reflection makes us realize what we really believe in once we are challenged to defend our claims
-Guide us to more questions and ideas
Second Claim
-Result of asking philosophical questions upon knowing our thoughts and actions
-Virtue is knowledge because to truly know what is good leads to the actual doing of good
-One who pretends to know what is good does not choose to do what is good
Third Claim
- is a lover of wisdom—someone who observes, thinks, sees clearly, and speaks the truth
-What the world needs are people whole speak truth and help in making necessary reforms for a better future
Pilosopo as a Social Critic
-Evading the argument by pretending to address
-An important study of arguments so we can create reasoning that are mindful and valid, and not to deceive
Fallacy
is a statement about the word or reality. It may or may not carry truth.
Proposition
is the clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the product of questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts.
Knowledge
are propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful.
Facts
is a statement that is not evidently or immediately known to be true. This means that any claim can be proven by verification and experimentation.
Claim
are something concrete that can be proven. You can find facts in legal records and scientific findings. - are truth and are accepted as such.
Facts
is less concrete. It’s a new form in the mind of a person about a particular issue. In other words it is what someone believes or thinks, and is not necessarily the truth.
Opinion
It means to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner.
PHILOSOPHIZING
It is investigated by philosophical reflection which the world is constituted as lived, experienced, thought of, and it in relation to another -.
PHENOMENON
It considers or discusses a (matter) from a philosophical standpoint’s phenomena.
PHILOSOPHIZING
In truth-making we use empiricism to see things-as they-appear-to-us. On the other hand, how we process the data in our mind is the process of rationalism.
EMPIRICISM-RATIONALISM
He said that our truth is based on how we perceived something through our five basic senses. These are things ‘as-they-appear-to-us’: in a ‘empirical’ manner.
IMMANUEL KANT
called for the democratization of information.
The internet
enable us to see beyond what we initially perceive and better ourselves
philosophical reflection
is a common belief or popular opinion.
DOXA
In philosophy, episteme is knowledge or understanding.
EPISTEME
is a branch of philosophy dedicated to the study of knowledge and the problems that revolve around it.
EPISTEMOLOGY
Said by? - knowledge is certain and opinions are those which are uncertain. Relying on opinion and basing everything on appearances and not reality leads us to ignorance.
Plato
developed syllogism. Wherein, starting with premises, valid arguments will be inferred. According to him, valid syllogism is proof or demonstration of truth.
Aristotle
a deductive argument of a certain form where a conclusion is inferred from two premises.
SYLLOGISM
serve as an explanation as to why the conclusion is valid or acceptable.
PREMISE
He is a French philosopher, scientist and mathematician who is known to be the “Father of Modern Philosophy”
Rene Descartes
“Demolish everything completely” , he literally scrutinized every belief in which he could imagine the least doubt as though he knew that it was absolutely false.
Rene Descartes
Deconstructionism is attributed to him. This school of thought is a reaction to the thought of structuralism.
JACQUES DERRIDA
He is a french writer and Philosophy. His famous work is “Grammatology” .
JACQUES DERRIDA
challenges traditional views in philosophy by looking at structures of language to open up to limitless interpretation
DECONSTRUCTIONISM
views reality as nothing but a conceptual construct.
POSTMODERNISM
believed that true propositions are those that correspond with reality
CORRESPONDENCE THEORY
He is a philosopher, historian, mathematician, and logician who is known as the founder of analytical philosophy
BERTRAND RUSSEL
It is only in the context of a sentence that a word has a meaning
Context Principle
In 1913 his published work, “A General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology” , set motion to a new school of thought that has influenced many until today.
EDMUND HUSSERL
It is understood as meaning. Connotation or intention of logic. Derived in the context itself provides.
SENSE
It is referred to or the denotation. The things we point to by name.
REFERENCE
- A German philosopher who is attributed to be the founder of the phenomenological movement.
EDMUND HUSSERL
It emphasizes that we should not be too entrapped with the parts only but also the whole. And so, this approach pursues trying to make us see every phenomenon or object in a true and purified meanings.
PHENOMENOLOGY
It is when we direct our consciousness to investigate the essence of a phenomenon
TRANSCENDENTAL ATTITUDE
when we are comfortable with the things that we already know.
NATURAL ATTITUDE
