EARTH SCIENCE QUIZ Flashcards

1
Q

The universe is literally everything, the sum of all existence. It includes all matter, like stars and galaxies. The universe also includes all radiation and all other forms of energy.

A

The Origin of the Universev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

“ordinary” matter
consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons that comprises atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, and other bodies

A

Baryonic matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

matter that has gravity but does not emit light.

A

Dark matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a source of anti-gravity; a force that counteracts gravity and causes the universe to expand.

A

Dark energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

an early stage in the formation of a star resulting from the gravitational collapse of gases.

A

Protostar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a nuclear fusion reaction (i.e., nucleosynthesis) responsible for the energy produced by stars.

A

Thermonuclear reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

stars that fuse hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores; outward pressure resulting from nuclear fusion is balanced by gravitational forces

A

Main Sequence Stars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the distance light can travel in a year; a unit of length used to measure astronomical distance

A

Light years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • the building blocks of galaxies born out of clouds of gas and dust (nebula) in galaxies
  • Instabilities within the clouds eventually results into gravitational collapse, rotation, heating up, and transformation to a protostar-the core of a future star as thermonuclear reactions (nucleosynthesis) set in.
A

Stars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

clusters of billions of stars and clusters of galaxies form superclusters. In between the clusters is practically an empty space.

A
  • Galaxy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Was first predicted by George Lemaitre, the father of Big Bang Theory

A

EXPANDING UNIVERSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Universe began from a “singularity” that expanded overtime

A

EXPANDING UNIVERSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

nearest galaxy in the Milky Way

A

Andromeda constellation aka Andromeda galaxy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

radial pulse

A

Cepheid Star

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Galaxies are moving away from each other, hence as evidence for an expanding universe, just as predicted by Einstein’s

A

Red Shift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Abundant Elements

A

Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

can explain what may be holding galaxies together for the reason that the low total mass is insufficient for gravity alone to do so

A

Dark matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

can explain the observed accelerating expansion of the universe.

A

Dark energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Based on recent data, the universe is how many years old

A

13.8 billion years old.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

This evidence for expansion contradicted the previously held view of a static and unchanging universe.

A

Theory of General Relativity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

velocities of distant objects in the universe in proportion to their distance from Earth

A

Hubble’s law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

who discovered the CMB

A

Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson (1964)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Also known as relic radiation

A

COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND (CMB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

It maintains that new matter is created as the universe expands thereby maintaining its density. Its predictions led to tests and its eventual rejection with the discovery of the cosmic microwave background.

A

STEADY STATE THEORY (BONDI & GOULD, & HOYLE, 1948)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

It postulates that 13.8 billion years ago, the universe expanded from a tiny, dense and hot mass to its present size and much cooler state.

A

BIG BANG THEORY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The big bang theory rests on two ideas:

A

Einstein’s General Relativity (1915) and the Cosmological Principle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Gravity is thought of as a distortion of space-time and no longer by a gravitational field in contrast to the Law of Gravity by Newton

A

Einstein’s General Relativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

assumes that the universe
is homogenous and
isotropic when averaged
over large scales

A

Cosmological Principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

believed in
many gods and myths which
narrate that the world arose
from an infinite sea at the first
rising of the sun.

A

Ancient Egyptians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

tell the story of a creator
god Mbombo (or Bumba) who,
alone in a dark and water-
covered Earth, felt an intense
stomach pain and then
vomited the stars, sun, and
moon.

A

The Kuba people of Central
Africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

in _______there is the narrative
that gods sacrificed Purusha,
the primal man whose head,
feet, eyes, and mind became
the sky, earth, sun, and moon
respectively.

A

India

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the _____ of _______, _______ and _______claim that a supreme being
created the universe, including
man and other living
organisms.

A

The monotheistic religions of
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

a huge disc- and spiral-shaped
aggregation of about at least
100 billion stars and other
bodies.

A

Milky Way galaxy􀀁

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

this is where the solar system is located

A

Milky Way galaxy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

This galaxy is about _________ across

A

100 million
light years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The solar system revolves
around the galactic center once
in about ________ years.

A

240 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The Milky Way is part of the so-
called Local Group of galaxies,
which in turn is part of the
____________

A

Virgo supercluster of galaxies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Much of the mass of the Solar
System is concentrated at the
______ (Sun) while angular
momentum is held by the __________

A

center, outer planets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Orbits of the planets elliptical
and are on the same plane.

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Except for hydrogen, helium, inert gases, and volatiles, the universe and Earth have similar abundance especially __________________

A

for rock and metal elements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The sun and the large planets have
enough gravity to retain ___________________. Rare inert gases are too light for the Earth’s gravity to retain, thus _______________.

A

retain hydrogen and helium, the low abundance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Retention of volatile elements by the
Earth is consistent with the idea that
some materials that formed the Earth and the solar system were ____ and ____; otherwise, the volatiles would have been lost. These suggest that the Earth and the solar system could be derived from materials with composition similar to that of the ________.

A

“cold” and solid;
universe

43
Q

present atmosphere is composed of

A

78% nitrogen (N),
21% oxygen (O2),
0.9% argon, and
trace amount of other Gases

44
Q
A
45
Q

The presence of heavy elements such as ____, _____ and ______on Earth suggests that it was derived from remnants of a supernova and that the Sun is a __________ star made by recycling materials.

A

lead, silver, and uranium
second-generation star

46
Q

“Rotating gaseous cloud that
cools and contracts in the
middle to form the sun and the
rest into a disc that become
the planets” (Swedenborg,
Kant, & Laplace, 1700’s).

A

NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS

47
Q

Buffon’s (1749) Sun-comet encounter that sent matter to form planet;
James Jeans’ (1917) sun-star encounter that would have drawn from the sun matter that would condense to planets,

A

ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS

48
Q

The______ is the
thin gaseous layer that
envelopes the
Lithosphere

A

ATMOSPHERE

49
Q

consists of the interior and surface of Earth, both of which are made up of rocks.

A

LITHOSPHERE

50
Q

an important process shaping the surface of the Earth.

A

Plate Tectonics

51
Q

is the set of all life forms on Earth.

A

BIOSPHERE

52
Q

base of food chain.

A

Photosynthetic organisms

53
Q

who ur husband

A

Thomas S. Gonzales (2007)

54
Q

About 70% of the Earth is covered with liquid water _________ and much of it is in the
form of ocean water.

A

HYDROSPHERE

55
Q

Illustrates how water is exchanged or cycled through Earth’s subsystems such as lithosphere,

A

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

56
Q

Water exists in three (3) phases: ______ ______ ______

A

solid, liquid, and gas.

57
Q

is the process of a liquid’s surface changing to a gas. Liquid water evaporates and becomes water vapor.

A

Evaporation

58
Q

also an important greenhouse gas. Together with carbon dioxide it insulates Earth and keeps the planet warm enough to maintain life.

A

Water vapor

59
Q

is the process of a gas changing to a liquid.

A

Condensation

60
Q

any liquid or solid water that falls to Earth

A

Precipitation describes

61
Q

Describes a variety of ways liquid water moves across land.

A

RUNOFF

62
Q

is the process of water vapor being released from
plants and soil.

A

TRANSPIRATION

63
Q

is the combined components of evaporation and
transpiration, and is sometimes used to evaluate the movement of
water in the atmosphere.

A

Evapotranspiration

64
Q

-Process where water is absorbed into the ground.
-Formation of aquifers.

A

INFILTRATION

65
Q

Measurement of mineral’s resistance
(not specifically surface) to abrasion.

A

. Hardness

65
Q

-Naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition
-Basic building blocks of rocks

A

MINERAL

66
Q

Quality and intensity of reflected light
exhibited by the mineral.

A

Luster

67
Q

opaque and shiny

A

Metallic

68
Q

vitreous (glassy),
adamantine (brilliant or diamond-
like), resinous, silky, pearly, dull
(earthy), or greasy, etc.

A

Non-metallic

69
Q

unique identifying property of
certain minerals but shares also with
others.

A

Color

70
Q

self-colored minerals

A

Idiochromatic

71
Q

weakly-colored or colorless, with impurities

A

Allochromatic

72
Q

inherent color of a mineral in powdered form and can be different by surface color.

A

Streak

73
Q

External shape of a crystal or groups of crystals is displayed or observed as these crystals grow in open spaces.

A

Crystal Form/Habit

74
Q

mineral that do not have a crystal structure

A

Amorphous

75
Q

-To break along parallel repetitive
planes of weakness to form smooth,
flat surfaces.
-Weak plane that developed after a
crystal is formed.

A

Cleavage

76
Q

Minerals with no cleavages but exhibit broken surfaces that are irregular and non-planar.

A

Fracture

77
Q

Ratio of the density of the mineral and the density of water

A

Specific Gravity

78
Q

Certain unique properties of minerals that actually help in their identification (e.g., magnetism, odor, taste, tenacity, reaction to acid, etc.).

A

Others

79
Q

Mineral Groups

A
  1. Silicate (SiO4 -) -90% of rock-forming minerals
  2. Native Elements -form as individual elements
  3. Oxides (O2 -)
  4. Halides (F -, Cl -, Br -, I -)
  5. Carbonates (CO3 2-)
  6. Sulfates (SO4 2-)
  7. Sulfide (S 2-)
80
Q

Common Rock-Forming Minerals

A

Quartz
Feldspar
Mica

81
Q
  • rate of cooling as one of the most important factors that control crystal size
  • solidification can occur along the surface of the earth or beneath the surface of the earth
A

Igneous Rocks

82
Q

Coarse-grained texture (slow cooling, visible crystals).

A

Phaneritic

83
Q

Fine-grained texture (rapid cooling, small crystals).

A

Aphanitic

84
Q

Lava cools so rapidly that crystals don’t form (e.g., obsidian).

A

Glassy

85
Q

Two distinct crystal sizes, indicating different rates of cooling.

A

Porphyritic

86
Q

Contains cavities formed by gas bubbles (e.g., pumice).

A

Vesicular

87
Q

is a molten rock material beneath
the surface of the earth.

A

·Magma

88
Q

is molten rock material extruded to
the surface of the earth through a central
vent (volcano) or a fissure eruption.

A

·Lava

89
Q

-from solidified magma underneath the earth
-gradual lowering of temperature is indicated by the movement of magma from depth to surface causing slow cooling /crystallization

A

Intrusive (Plutonic) Rocks

90
Q
  • from solidified lava at or near the surface of the earth
  • fast rate of cooling/crystallization due to huge variance in the temperature between Earth’s surface and underneath
A

Extrusive (Volcanic) Rocks

91
Q
  • these are rocks that are formed at or near the surface of the Earth
A

Sedimentary Rocks

92
Q

Pre-existing rocks are broken down into smaller pieces by physical and chemical processes.

A

Weathering and Erosion:

93
Q

Sediments are transported by wind, water, or ice.

A

Transportation

94
Q

Sediments settle out of the transporting agent when energy levels decrease.

A

Deposition

95
Q

Over time, the weight of overlying sediments compresses the lower layers.

A

Deposition

96
Q

Dissolved minerals in groundwater precipitate between sediment grains, binding them together.

A

Cementation:

97
Q

remains and traces of plants and animals that are preserved in rocks

A

Fossil Assemblages

98
Q

grains, matrix and cement are the components of clastic rocks
- clastic rocks are commonly classified based on particle size

A

Clastic Sedimentary

99
Q

evaporation and precipitation from solution or lithification of organic matter

A

Non-Clastic Sedimentary

100
Q

pressure as main factor: occurs in areas that have undergone considerable amount of mechanical deformation and chemical
recrystallization during orogenic event which are commonly associated with mountain belts

A

Metamorphic Rocks

101
Q
  • heat and reactive fluids as main factors: occurs when a pre-existing rock gets in contact with magma which is the source of heat and magmatic fluids where metamorphic alterations and transformations occur around the contact / metamorphic aureole of the intruding magma and the rock layers.
A

Contact Metamorphism

102
Q

pressure as main factor: occurs in areas that have undergone considerable amount of mechanical deformation and chemical recrystallization during orogenic event which are commonly associated with mountain belts
- occurs in a regional/large scale
- creates foliated metamorphic rocks

A

Regional Metamorphism

103
Q
  • constant recycling of minerals
  • illustrates how geologic processes occurring both underneath and on the Earth’s surface can change a rock from one type to another.
A

Rock Cycle