EARTH SCIENCE QUIZ Flashcards
The universe is literally everything, the sum of all existence. It includes all matter, like stars and galaxies. The universe also includes all radiation and all other forms of energy.
The Origin of the Universev
“ordinary” matter
consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons that comprises atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, and other bodies
Baryonic matter
matter that has gravity but does not emit light.
Dark matter
a source of anti-gravity; a force that counteracts gravity and causes the universe to expand.
Dark energy
an early stage in the formation of a star resulting from the gravitational collapse of gases.
Protostar
a nuclear fusion reaction (i.e., nucleosynthesis) responsible for the energy produced by stars.
Thermonuclear reaction
stars that fuse hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores; outward pressure resulting from nuclear fusion is balanced by gravitational forces
Main Sequence Stars
the distance light can travel in a year; a unit of length used to measure astronomical distance
Light years
- the building blocks of galaxies born out of clouds of gas and dust (nebula) in galaxies
- Instabilities within the clouds eventually results into gravitational collapse, rotation, heating up, and transformation to a protostar-the core of a future star as thermonuclear reactions (nucleosynthesis) set in.
Stars
clusters of billions of stars and clusters of galaxies form superclusters. In between the clusters is practically an empty space.
- Galaxy
Was first predicted by George Lemaitre, the father of Big Bang Theory
EXPANDING UNIVERSE
Universe began from a “singularity” that expanded overtime
EXPANDING UNIVERSE
nearest galaxy in the Milky Way
Andromeda constellation aka Andromeda galaxy
radial pulse
Cepheid Star
Galaxies are moving away from each other, hence as evidence for an expanding universe, just as predicted by Einstein’s
Red Shift
Abundant Elements
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
can explain what may be holding galaxies together for the reason that the low total mass is insufficient for gravity alone to do so
Dark matter
can explain the observed accelerating expansion of the universe.
Dark energy
Based on recent data, the universe is how many years old
13.8 billion years old.
This evidence for expansion contradicted the previously held view of a static and unchanging universe.
Theory of General Relativity.
velocities of distant objects in the universe in proportion to their distance from Earth
Hubble’s law
who discovered the CMB
Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson (1964)
Also known as relic radiation
COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND (CMB)
It maintains that new matter is created as the universe expands thereby maintaining its density. Its predictions led to tests and its eventual rejection with the discovery of the cosmic microwave background.
STEADY STATE THEORY (BONDI & GOULD, & HOYLE, 1948)