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VET - Pharm > PharmQ2 > Flashcards

PharmQ2 Flashcards

1
Q

Affinity

A

the strength of binding between a drug and its receptor

(measure of affinity is called the dissociation constant (KD)

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2
Q

Efficacy

A

the degree to which a drug has an exact fit to the receptor or produces the desired effect

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3
Q

Agonist

A

a drug that binds to a cell receptor and causes an action

(has both affinity and efficacy)

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4
Q

Antagonist

(competive/noncompetitive)

A

a drug that inhibits or blocks the response of the receptor site

(has affinity but no efficacy)

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5
Q

Osmotic

A

pull water form tissues and cells due to a molecular size or chemical effect that attracts water

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6
Q

Chelator

A

Types of compounds used as drugs that physically combine with ions or other specific compounds to produce their effects

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7
Q

Bactericidal

A

Kills bacteria

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8
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Inhibits reproduction

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9
Q

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC value)

A

the lowest concentration of drug at which growth of the bacterium is inhibited

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10
Q

Bacterial sensitivity

A

a sensitivity analysis is a test that determines the “sensitivity” of bacteria to an antibotic

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11
Q

Bioavailability

A

measure of the degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches systemic circulation

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12
Q

Which route of administration produces the greatest bioavailablity

A

IV injection

skips the absorption phase => gets to tissues faster

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13
Q

Withdrawal time

A

the period of time after drug administration during which the animal cannot be sent to market for slaughter as food and the eggs or milk must be discarded

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14
Q

Which commonly used route of administration would skip the phase of absorption

A

IV injection

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15
Q

What primary organs are responsible for the phases of biotransformation

A

primary organ is the liver

other locations include the lungs, skin, intestinal tract, kidney, and nervous system

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16
Q

What primary organs are responsible for excretion

A

most drugs are excreted via the kidney into the urine

Other routes of elimination include the liver, lungs, salivary glands, milk, intestinal tract, hair, nails, and hooves

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17
Q

Which of the mechanisms of absorption require energy?

A

active transport and phagocytosis/pinocytosis
(no energy Diffusion = Facilitated diffusion, passive diffusion)

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18
Q

Protein binding

(drug distribution)

A

i. Some drugs will bind to proteins (albumin) in the blood and the large drug-protein complexes become trapped in the circulation.
ii. Animals with low protein levels will have less protein available for binding and more free drug available for the target tissues.

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19
Q

Volume of distribution

(drug distribution)

A

Drug concentration in the blood will lower if the drug has a large volume to distribute through.
ii. Diseases that produce extra body fluid (edema, ascites) will have less drug concentration in the blood and tissues due to a greater volume of distribution.

20
Q

Storage sites

(drug distribution)

A

Drugs may become bound to other tissues such as milk, bone, and fat

21
Q

Prodrug

A

Drugs that require biotransformation to become active

Google : a biologically inactive compound which can be metabolized in the body to produce a drug

22
Q

What is the most common route of drug excretion?

A

Renal excretion

23
Q

Factors affecting excretion

A

Renal perfusion, Clearance rate, Half life, Patient age, concurrent disease, percent of functioning nephrons, types of drugs/secondary drugs, tubulam,r reabsorption

24
Q

Which species has a reduced ability to biotransform drugs due to deficiency of glucoronic acid needed for conjugation in phase 2 of biotransformation

A

felines

25
Q

How does the pH of a drug vs an environment influence absorption

A

ionized - Positive or negative charge, tend to by hydrophilic, non-ionized - no charge and are neutral, tend to be lipophilic; drug molecules that move most effectivley across cell membranes are lipophilic/nonionized

26
Q

Which tissues get a rapid rate of distribution?

A

Well perfused tissues (Active skeletal muscle, liver, brain and kidney

27
Q

Which tissues get a slow rate of distribution?

A

Poorly perfused tissues (Inactive skeletal muscle and fat)

28
Q

Adverse reactions of penecillins

A

Anorexia, vomiting and diarrhea; severe allergic reactions (esp when IV)

29
Q

Why use semi synthetic penicillins over Pen G?

A

Pen G is inactivated by the stomach and semi-synthetics have a greater activity against gram negative bacteria

30
Q

Which species should not be given penicillin. Why?

A

Species that should not be given penicillin due to GI superinfection: Guinea pigs, rabbits and hamsters

31
Q

Why add procaine or benzathine molecules to Pen G?

A

Procaine and Benzathine molecules are added to IM suspensions to delay absorption and increase duration action

32
Q

Know which groups of “cell wall” antibiotics are structurally and chemically similar due to containing the beta-lactam ring

A

Cephalosporins

33
Q

How bacteria destroy cephalosporins

A

Bacteria synthesize beta-lactamase which breaks the beta-lactam ring causing the antibiotic to become inactive

34
Q

Which cephalosporin can be potentiated by clauvonic acid

A

Amoxicillin can be potentiated to make clavamox or amoxiclav.

35
Q

Antimicrobials in triple antibiotics

A

bacitracin, neomycin and polymyxin B

36
Q

How sulfa drugs are classified

A

Classified by how well they are absorbed from the GI tract

37
Q

Adverse effects of sulfa drugs

A

a. Crystal formation in the renal tubules
b. Hypersensitivity/severe allergic reactions
c. Skin reactions (pruritus, rashes, facial swelling)
d. Increased salivation in cats
e. KCS
f. Blood imbalances (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia)

38
Q

How sulfa drugs are potentiated

A

***?mechanism of how sulfa drugs are potentiated and 2 bacterial agents added for this purpose???

39
Q

Contrast the forms of tetracycline

A

A. Hydrophilic forms: more likely to bind with calcium, magnesium, iron, etc.
B. Lipophilic forms: Human label only

40
Q

Tetracycline adverse effects

A

a. Renal tubular necrosis at high doses
b. Slows development of teeth and causes yellow discoloration if used during pregnancy
c. Fever in cats
d. Nephrotoxic if outdated
e. Painful when given IM
f. May cause problems with cardiac contraction due to decreased calcium available

41
Q

Tetracycline antimicrobial spectrum

A

Effective against gram + and gram - bacteria including mycoplasma and chlamydia

42
Q

Aminoglycoside antibiotics

A

A. Tends to accumulate in the inner ear and kidneys, may cause adverse effects of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
B. Contraindicated in animals with renal insufficiency
C. Not approved for use in food animals and should not be mixed with vials or syringes with other antibiotics

43
Q

Fluouroquinoline group mechanism of action and contradictions

A

A. Rapid tissue penetration -> well absorbed into tissues with high availability
B. Crosses selective barrier
C. Contraindicated in young or rapidly growing animals.

44
Q

Penicillin substitute and adverse rxns

A

Vancomycin; Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and pain on IV injection

45
Q

which antibiotic is very effective for treating anaerobic infections, dental disease and abscesses,
and in which species this antibiotic should not be used due to the potential for severe GI distress

A

Clindamycin

B. do not use in pocket pets or give orally to horses and ruminants

46
Q

which antibiotic has been banned in the USA for use in food producing animals // the adverse effects associated with its use // Recall in which species this antibiotic may be more commonly used and the precautions that clients should take when using this drug.

A

Chloramphenicol; can cause fatal aplastic anemia in humans

***? commonly used and precautions??

VET - Pharm (17 decks)

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