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VET - Pharm > Lec4 > Flashcards

Lec4 Flashcards

1
Q

Therapeutic Range

A

drug concentration in the body that produces the desired effect with minimal or no signs of toxicity; Detrimental effects are minimal and benefits are maximal

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2
Q

Solutions

A

clear liquid preparations that contain 1 or more solvents and one or more solutes

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3
Q

Solvents

A

usually sterile water added to a dry powder medication creating a solution for IV injection

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4
Q

Suspensions

A

liquid preparations that contain solid drug particles suspended in a suitable medium

are “suspended” but not dissolved

drug particles settle out on standing

must always shake before using

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5
Q

What is the major rule regarding Solvents?

A

almost all products that are suspensions are NOT administered by an IV route

exception to this rule is Propofol®

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6
Q

Powders and Granules

A

May be added to the food

May absorb (cornstarch)

May lubricate (talcum powder)

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7
Q

Tablets

A

medicines mixed with an inert binder and molded or compressed into a hard mass; disintegrates in the stomach liquid, releasing the drug for absorption into the bloodstream

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8
Q

What are some different sizes of tablets

A

Pellets, Boluses, Bollettes and Bolloids

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9
Q

Enteric Coated

A

covered with a special coating that prevents the drug from dissolving in the stomach; Resists breakdown in stomach acid

Useful for medications that may be harmful to the stomach

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10
Q

Time Released

A

variable rate of breakdown of coating allows for delayed release leading to more consistent blood levels

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11
Q

Capsules

A

gelatin shells holding a powdered or liquid form of the drug

Most are colored and may bear identifying product markings

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12
Q

Time Released encapsulated

A

with variable rate breakdown of coating allowing for delayed release (leads to steadier blood levels)

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13
Q

Microencapsulated

A

newer drug form that stabilizes substances that need protection

Masks the smell and taste of the drug

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14
Q

Liniment

A

a drug(s) suspended in oily, soapy or alcoholbased substance

Applied topically (sometimes with friction) to relieve pain/counterirritant

May produce heat

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15
Q

Lotion

A

a drug(s) suspended in a liquid

Applied gently by dabbing, brushing or dripping on skin without friction

Soothing effect

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16
Q

Cream

A

a drug(s) suspended in wateroil emulsion

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17
Q

Gel

A

a drug(s) suspended in semisolid or jellylike substance

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18
Q

Ointment

A

a drug(s) suspended in a semisolid, greasy preparation that melts at body temperature

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19
Q

Paste

A

a drug(s) suspended in a semisolid preparation that retains its state at body temperature

Applied to skin, eyes, ears, etc.

Many pastes are given orally

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20
Q

“repository” or “depot”

A

Placing an injectable drug(s) in a substance that delays absorption

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21
Q

Suppositories

A

Conical/ Ovoid Solid or Semisolid Material Inserted into Body Orifices

Melt at body temperatures

Frequently used in humans

Diazepam persistent seizures

Narcotics pain control

Liquid medications such as narcotics administered into the rectum are considered suppositories

22
Q

Inhalations

A

Liquid that may be converted into an aerosol or mist to be used in a vaporizer or nebulizer and inhaled; Drugs that are inhaled are rapidly absorbed into the blood stream

Inhalation administration introduces the drug to the animal by having it breathe the drug into it’s lungs

The gas particles enter the alveoli of the lung where they diffuse (move from higher to lower concentration) across the alveolar membrane into the surrounding capillaries

Often used for emergency procedures

23
Q

Volatilized

A

Turned into Gases

24
Q

Nebulized

A

Turned into a Fine Mist

25
Q

Inhalers

A

Bronchodilators open the airway for better breathing

Steroids used to treat inflammatory lung conditions

26
Q

Preservatives

A

Antimicrobial agents that increase the shelf life of a product by decreasing the likelihood of microbial growth

27
Q

Factors to consider when determining Routes of Administration

A

Speed or Rapidity of Onset slower effect seen with oral administration vs. IV

IV has the most rapid onset of action

Site of Action in Patient’s Body some sites difficult to reach by conventional means

Some drugs must be specifically formulated to penetrate certain areas such as the prostate, brain, and joint space

Physical and Chemical Properties of the Drug Acid / Base Status

pH of injectable barbiturates (thiopental) cause tissue necrosis if given perivascularly
Potential Adverse Effects / Reactions

Dosage Form of the Drug Available

Some Drugs are Only Available in Certain Forms

Temperament of the Patient Being Treated

Some patients are Fear Biters or Aggressive.

Are Not the Best Candidates for Oral Meds

Abilities of the Client

Drops vs. Pills

28
Q

Enteral / Nonparentaral

A

Delivers the medicine directly to the animal’s GI tract

Refers to an oral route of administration

Specifically the small intestine

Most convenient to give

Slower onset of action/longer duration of action

Less likely to cause adverse reactions

Don’t need to be sterile

Absorption may be erratic /incomplete due to effect of gastric fluids

May be affected by GI disease

29
Q

Parenteral

A

delivers the drug by a route other than the GI tract (means “excludes the intestine”)

IV, ID, IM, IC, SQ , Epidural/Subdural/Intrathecal, IP, Intraarticular, IA, Topical, Inhalation, Intramedullar/Intraosseous

30
Q

Intravenous (IV)

A

within the vein

Rapid onset of action/high initial blood levels

Short duration of action/frequent dosing

Smaller doses can be administered

Increased risk of adverse effects

Drugs must be pure, sterile and free of particles

Drug must be water soluble

Irritating/caustic drugs given by the IV route

31
Q

Intramuscular (IM)

A

within the muscle

Relatively rapid onset (usually about 30 minutes)

Absorption depends on drug formulation

Gives reliable blood levels

Longer duration of action than IV, but shorter than SQ or PO

Cannot use for irritating drugs

Convenient route in fractious animals

32
Q

Subcutaneous (SQ, subQ, SC)

A

beneath the skin into the subdermis

Slower onset of action/longer duration of action than IM or IV

Less reliable blood levels

Cannot use for irritating drugs

Absorption depends on drug formulation

Can be used for administering

large volumes of solution

(fluid administration)

33
Q

Intraperitoneal (IP)

A

within the abdominal body cavity

Onset of action/blood levels variable

Provides large surface area for absorption

Irritating solutions may lead to peritonitis

Must be careful not to penetrate vital abdominal organs

Drug may be inactivated or enhanced through first pass effect (via hepatic portal system)

34
Q

Epidural/Subdural/Intrathecal

A

above or under the dura mater of the meninges, or into the subarachnoid space of the meninges

Rapid onset of action localized to the CNS

Used for anesthesia and diagnostically with contrast media (e.g. myelogram) or to obtain spinal fluid

Potential for accidental spinal cord injection and/or other CNS damage

35
Q

Intradermal (ID)

A

within the skin

Injection between the dermis and epidermis

Absorption very slow/blood levels low

Mainly used for T.B. and allergy testing

36
Q

Intraarterial (IA)

A

within the artery

Used mainly for treating a specific organ due to extremely high blood levels delivered to the site

Often accidental (attempting to administer drug into the jugular vein)

37
Q

Intracardiac (IC)

A

within the heart

Very rapid blood levels

Mainly used for emergency drug administration and euthanasia

38
Q

Intraarticular

A

within the joint

Injection into the synovial space of joints

Aseptic technique is critical

Drug may be absorbed systemically

39
Q

Intramedullay or Intraosseous

A

within the medullary cavity of bone

Provides rapid blood levels

Often used for rapid fluid administration in smaller animals and birds

Usually administered in the femur or humerus

Not commonly used and may be painful

40
Q

Topical applied on top of a surface

A

Used mainly in dermatology and ophthamology

Good local effect/systemic absorption variable

Drug must first dissolve and penetrate the skin by diffusion

Easy to administer

Animals may chew/lick or rub drug off

May be irritating

Includes nasal, conjunctival, intramammary, transdermal, rectal, and vaginal routes

41
Q

Dose

A

the amount of drug administered at to a patient at one time to achieve the desired effect

42
Q

Dosage

A

the amount of drug per body weight of the animal (or other measure such as surface area)

43
Q

Dosage Interval

A

how frequently the dosage is given

44
Q

Dosage Regimen

A

the dosage interval and dosage together

45
Q

Loading Dose

A

the initial dose of drug given to achieve drug concentration in the therapeutic range quickly

46
Q

Maintenance dose

A

the dose of drug that keeps drug concentration in the therapeutic range

47
Q

Total Daily Dose (tdd)

A

the total amount of drug delivered to the patient in 24 hours

48
Q

Ways to maintain drug levels in the therapeutic range and benefit the animal include:

A

Use proper dosage, frequency and duration of treatment

Avoid combination drug therapy if possible

Use the least toxic drugs available

Be familiar with potential hazards and precautions

Use high quality drugs, check expiration dates, know handling requirements

Understand contamination possibilities and make sure suspensions are mixed and solutions are not precipitated

Follow label directions carefully

Know the patients history and maintain communication with the client

49
Q

If drug toxicity develops:

A

Stop or remove the offending drug

Enhance drug removal by the animal (induce vomiting if appropriate, administer fluids)

Counteract or reverse with an antidote if available

Provide supportive nursing care until signs of toxicity are gone

50
Q

Most common causes of drug toxicity include:

A

Outright overdose

Relative overdose

Side effects

Accidental exposure

Drug interactions

Incorrect treatment/misdiagnosis

51
Q

The “Rights of Drug Administration”

A

Right Drug

Right Dose

Right Route

Right Time

Right Patient

Right Documentation

VET - Pharm (17 decks)

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