ImportantUr Flashcards
What is the function of the kidney?
many important functions that allows for maintenance of hydration through water conservation, regulation of electrolytes and blood pressure via the Renin-Aldosterone-Angiotensin (RAA) system
What is the blood pressure range for urine formation and importance
pressure should be 45-50 mm Hg, outside of this range the kidneys will fail
What is the function of erythropoietin and where is it produced?
a hormone produced by the kidneys to stimulate RBC production from the bone marrow
What are the hormones that influence water and electrolyte balance
Aldosterone and Antidiuretic hormone
the adrenal mineralcorticoid that works by enhancing sodium (Na) reabsorption form the kidney and thereby causing water conservarion, decreased urine volume and uring concentration
Aldosterone
a hormone released form the posterior pituitary conserves water loss and decreases urine volume
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What is edema and what can be used to resolve it?
inappropriate amounts of fluid in the body tissues; diuretics are used to increase urine formation and decrease edema
Diuresis
the process of fluid removal fromthe body with the used of diuretic drugs
What is always part of the therapeutic regimen for CHF, why?
diuresis,due to the excess fluid accumulation in either the lungs, abdomen or both that results with the progression of heart disease
What are the general side effects of diuretics (note most important)
electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, and hypotension, loss of potassium (hypokalemia)
What are some contraindications of diuretic drugs?
use diuretics with caution in animals that are hypotensive or hypovolemic (additional fluid loss can worsen these conditions)
What are the various types of diuretics?
osmotics, loop diuretics, thiazides, aldosterone antagonists and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
What am I?
Mannitol
Mannitol indications and contraindications
Indications : cerebral edema, acute glaucoma and help remove toxins from the body
What am I?
- loop diuretic
- action : inhibition of NA reabsorption in the nephron’s loop of Henle
- trade name : Lasix
- most commonly used diuretic in VetMed
- drug of choice for treatmetn of congestive heart failure due to its quick and reliable amount of diuresis produced
Furosemide
Furosemide indications and contraindications
Indications : used in race horses to reduce nosebleeds that may occur with extreme exercise, congestive heart failure
contraindications : long term use may result in excess potassium loss requiring supplementation, ototoxicity in cats
What am I?
- a group of diuretics
- decrease the reabsorption of Na at the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron
- duration of action is longer than furosemide
- rarely used in VetMed due to significant potassium loss
Thiazide group
What am I?
- a common diuretic
- competitive antagonist of aldosterone that causes Na excretion in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron
- a weaker diuretic (potassium sparing / useful when a patient may have excessive potassium loss
Spironolactone
What am I?
- a group of diuretics
- used for the treatment of glaucoma that stop the formation of the enzyme needed to form aqueous humor in the eye
- topical and systemic drugs in this category
Carbonic anhydrase
What are some important things to keep in mind when using urinary acidifiers and alkaliniziers?
- it is important to know what type of crystal or urolith is present in order to properly prescribe either a product or prescription diet for this condition
- an animal that is on a prescription diet designed for acidification or alkalinization should not be given additional products for this purpose or adverse effect such as metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis may occur
what breeds are prone to the formation of uric acid stones?
Dalmations and Bulldogs have a genetic trait resulting in excess formation of uric acid
What can be done to prevent uric acid urolith formation?
inhibit the enzyme that is involved with the formation of uric acid uroliths; allopurinol
Xanthine oxidase
an enzyme involved in the formation of uric acid
What dietary adjustment can be made to prevent/treat crystals and uroliths?
ensure adequate fluid intake (canned foods higher in moisture content)
night wetting
the most prevalent disease of urinary incontinence
What am I?
- an estrogen compound
- traditionally used for treatment of hormonal incontinence
- limited use due to adverse effects on the bone marrow, pancreas and liver
Diethystibesterol (DES)
DES indications and contraindications
Indications : urinary incontinence
What am I?
- new estrogen replacement drug
- drug of choice due to fewer estrogen side effects
estriol (incurin)
What am I?
- non-estrogen sympathomimetic smooth muscle constrictor
- orignially marketed as a human decongestant (PPA)
- increases urethral tone
- not used in humans (due to strokes)
Phenylopropanolamine (Propagest or proin)
Urinary incontinence drugs, their functions and limitations
estriol (incurin) : new estrogen replacement with few side effects
Phenylpropanolamine (Propagest/Proin) : non-estrogen sympathomimetic smooth muscle constrictor
- goal is reduction of daily dose to the minimal effective does that will maintain urinary continence
urinary obstruction treatment
- drugs needed to decrease urethral tone and allow for urine flow
- Phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline)
What am I?
- sympatholytic that decreases smooth muscle tone of the urethra
Phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline)
