ImportantUr

Question 1

What is the function of the kidney?

Answer 1

many important functions that allows for maintenance of hydration through water conservation, regulation of electrolytes and blood pressure via the Renin-Aldosterone-Angiotensin (RAA) system

Question 2

What is the blood pressure range for urine formation and importance

Answer 2

pressure should be 45-50 mm Hg, outside of this range the kidneys will fail

Question 3

What is the function of erythropoietin and where is it produced?

Answer 3

a hormone produced by the kidneys to stimulate RBC production from the bone marrow

Question 4

What are the hormones that influence water and electrolyte balance

Answer 4

Aldosterone and Antidiuretic hormone

Question 5

the adrenal mineralcorticoid that works by enhancing sodium (Na) reabsorption form the kidney and thereby causing water conservarion, decreased urine volume and uring concentration

Answer 5

Aldosterone

Question 6

a hormone released form the posterior pituitary conserves water loss and decreases urine volume

Answer 6

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 7

What is edema and what can be used to resolve it?

Answer 7

inappropriate amounts of fluid in the body tissues; diuretics are used to increase urine formation and decrease edema

Question 8

Diuresis

Answer 8

the process of fluid removal fromthe body with the used of diuretic drugs

Question 9

What is always part of the therapeutic regimen for CHF, why?

Answer 9

diuresis,due to the excess fluid accumulation in either the lungs, abdomen or both that results with the progression of heart disease

Question 10

What are the general side effects of diuretics (note most important)

Answer 10

electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, and hypotension, loss of potassium (hypokalemia)

Question 11

What are some contraindications of diuretic drugs?

Answer 11

use diuretics with caution in animals that are hypotensive or hypovolemic (additional fluid loss can worsen these conditions)

Question 12

What are the various types of diuretics?

Answer 12

osmotics, loop diuretics, thiazides, aldosterone antagonists and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 13

What am I?

Answer 13

Mannitol

Question 14

Mannitol indications and contraindications

Answer 14

Indications : cerebral edema, acute glaucoma and help remove toxins from the body

Question 15

What am I?
- loop diuretic
- action : inhibition of NA reabsorption in the nephron’s loop of Henle
- trade name : Lasix
- most commonly used diuretic in VetMed
- drug of choice for treatmetn of congestive heart failure due to its quick and reliable amount of diuresis produced

Answer 15

Furosemide

Question 16

Furosemide indications and contraindications

Answer 16

Indications : used in race horses to reduce nosebleeds that may occur with extreme exercise, congestive heart failure
contraindications : long term use may result in excess potassium loss requiring supplementation, ototoxicity in cats

Question 17

What am I?
- a group of diuretics
- decrease the reabsorption of Na at the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron
- duration of action is longer than furosemide
- rarely used in VetMed due to significant potassium loss

Answer 17

Thiazide group

Question 18

What am I?
- a common diuretic
- competitive antagonist of aldosterone that causes Na excretion in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron
- a weaker diuretic (potassium sparing / useful when a patient may have excessive potassium loss

Answer 18

Spironolactone

Question 19

What am I?
- a group of diuretics
- used for the treatment of glaucoma that stop the formation of the enzyme needed to form aqueous humor in the eye
- topical and systemic drugs in this category

Answer 19

Carbonic anhydrase

Question 20

What are some important things to keep in mind when using urinary acidifiers and alkaliniziers?

Answer 20

• it is important to know what type of crystal or urolith is present in order to properly prescribe either a product or prescription diet for this condition
• an animal that is on a prescription diet designed for acidification or alkalinization should not be given additional products for this purpose or adverse effect such as metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis may occur

Question 21

what breeds are prone to the formation of uric acid stones?

Answer 21

Dalmations and Bulldogs have a genetic trait resulting in excess formation of uric acid

Question 22

What can be done to prevent uric acid urolith formation?

Answer 22

inhibit the enzyme that is involved with the formation of uric acid uroliths; allopurinol

Question 23

Xanthine oxidase

Answer 23

an enzyme involved in the formation of uric acid

Question 24

What dietary adjustment can be made to prevent/treat crystals and uroliths?

Answer 24

ensure adequate fluid intake (canned foods higher in moisture content)

Question 25

night wetting

Answer 25

the most prevalent disease of urinary incontinence

Question 26

What am I?
- an estrogen compound
- traditionally used for treatment of hormonal incontinence
- limited use due to adverse effects on the bone marrow, pancreas and liver

Answer 26

Diethystibesterol (DES)

Question 27

DES indications and contraindications

Answer 27

Indications : urinary incontinence

Question 28

What am I?
- new estrogen replacement drug
- drug of choice due to fewer estrogen side effects

Answer 28

estriol (incurin)

Question 29

What am I?
- non-estrogen sympathomimetic smooth muscle constrictor
- orignially marketed as a human decongestant (PPA)
- increases urethral tone
- not used in humans (due to strokes)

Answer 29

Phenylopropanolamine (Propagest or proin)

Question 30

Urinary incontinence drugs, their functions and limitations

Answer 30

estriol (incurin) : new estrogen replacement with few side effects
Phenylpropanolamine (Propagest/Proin) : non-estrogen sympathomimetic smooth muscle constrictor
- goal is reduction of daily dose to the minimal effective does that will maintain urinary continence

Question 31

urinary obstruction treatment

Answer 31

• drugs needed to decrease urethral tone and allow for urine flow
• Phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline)

Question 32

What am I?
- sympatholytic that decreases smooth muscle tone of the urethra

Answer 32

Phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline)