Pharm Midterm Flashcards
FDA
(Food and Drug Administration)
Regulatory federal government agency that oversees the development of new veterinary drugs for use in the United States and requires rigid evaluation for drug safety and efficacy.
Therapeutic Range
The drug concentration in the body that produces the desired effect with minimal or no signs of toxicity.
Loading Dose
Administration of drugs at a high dose until an appropriate blood level is reached.
Extra-label Use
Use of a drug in a way not specified by the label.
Prescription Drug Legend
FDA required statement on a drug label “Caution: Federal Law restricts the use of this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.”
Over-The-Counter Drugs (OTC)
Drugs that do not have enough potential to be toxic, do not require administration in special ways and may be purchased without a prescription.
Controlled Substances or Scheduled Drugs
Classification of drugs that have the potential for abuse or dependence.
Parenteral Drugs
Term for drugs that are given by injection via many different routes of administration.
Oral (also called enteral or non-parenteral)
Route of drug administration where delivery is by placing the drug directly in the mouth or via a tube through the nasal passages (nasogastric tube) or mouth (orogastric tube).
Subcutaneous
Drugs administered by this commonly used route produce a slower onset of action but slightly longer duration of action than the intramuscular route.
Intravenous
Drugs given by this commonly used route of administration produce the most rapid onset of action accompanied by the shortest duration of action.
Common route of administration that skips the pharmacokinetic phase of absorption.
Intramuscular
This route of drug administration produces a slower onset of action than intravenous but usually provides a longer duration of action.
Intradermal
Route of drug administration used in veterinary medicine primarily for allergy and tuberculosis testing.
Intra-articular
Route of drug administration used to treat inflammatory conditions of the joint and extreme care must be exercised to ensure that sterile technique is used.
Transdermal
Form of topical administration that involves use of an ointment or patch applied to intact skin to provide slow, continuous drug delivery and is often used for animals in which oral administration may be difficult.
Bioavailability
Term for the degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches the systemic circulation.
NPO
Medical abbreviation that means nothing is to be given by mouth.
Stat
Medical abbreviation that means an order is to be carried out immediately.
O.U.
Medical abbreviation that means both eyes.
O.S.
Medical abbreviation that means left eye.
O.D.
Medical abbreviation that means right eye.
A.U.
Medical abbreviation that means both ears.
A.D.
Medical abbreviation that means right ear.
A.S.
Medical abbreviation that means left ear.
gtts
Medical abbreviation for drops.
a.c.
Medical abbreviation for a drug to be given before a meal.
p.c.
Medical abbreviation for a drug to be given after a meal.
q.s.
Medical abbreviation for “a sufficient quantity” of a drug to be given.
p.r.n.
Medical abbreviation for a drug to be given as needed.
ad. lib.
Medical abbreviation for a drug to be given freely as wanted.
b.i.d.
Medical abbreviation for a drug to be administered twice daily.
q.d.
Medical abbreviation for a drug to be administered once daily
s.i.d.
Medical abbreviation exclusive to veterinary medicine that means for a drug to be administered once daily.
t.i.d.
Medical abbreviation for a drug to be administered three times daily.
q.i.d.
Medical abbreviation for a drug to be administered four times daily.
q (in front of the frequency for drug administration)
Medical abbreviation for the most exact time that a drug should be administered. For example, q8h means that a drug should be given every 8 hrs.
Absorption
The phase of pharmacokinetics where a drug passes from the site of administration into the systemic circulation.
Distribution
The phase of pharmacokinetics by which a drug is carried from its site of absorption to its site of action.
Biotransformation/Metabolism
The phase of pharmacokinetics where the drug is changed chemically from the form in which it was administered into a form that can be eliminated from the body.
Excretion
The phase of pharmacokinetics where the metabolized drug can be eliminated from the body.
Liver
Organ where most biotransformation/metabolism occurs because of cytochrome p450 enzymatic chemical reactions.
Metabolite
Term for a drug that has been biotransformed/metabolized that usually makes the drug chemically inactive.
Agonist
A drug that activates certain receptors in the body and causes a specific action to occur.
Antagonist
A drug that blocks another drug from combining with body receptors and prevents a specific action from occurring.
VCPR (Veterinarian, Client, Patient Relationship)
For a prescription item to be dispensed by a veterinarian this relationship must exist.
Pharmacotherapeutics
Term for the response of living organisms to drugs in the presence of disease.
Liniment
A drug suspended in an oily, soapy or alcohol- based substance that is applied topically with friction.
Enteric Coating
Special formulation of tablets designed to help the drug dissolve in the stomach before reaching the small intestine.
