Pharmacy/Pharmacology Flashcards
How does pharmacokinetics (PK) relate to pharmacology and what are 4 ways?
a. It is the study of drug movement through the body via absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 879
- What is the mechanism of action of Class I Antiarrhythmics?
Blockade of fast sodium channels, meaning it slows action potential conduction
ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg. 892
Who governs drug disposal?
Department of Environmental Quality, EPA, FDA, local boards of pharmacy
ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg 897
What does the Avermectins class of Antiparasitic mainly target?
Nematodes and arthropods
ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg. 885
What are some common side effects seen with the use of Tetracyclines?
Diarrhea, esophageal strictures in cats, decreased oral absorption when given with calcium or iron containing products/antacids/sucralfate, bind to enamel of developing neonates causing yellow discoloration
ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg 884
What 3 diseases most commonly affect drug PK?
Cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and liver disease.
EKH, Student #4, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg 958.
Which drugs are nicotinic and Ach receptor agonists in nematodes?
Pyrantel pamoate, Pyrantel tartrate, and Morantel tartrate.
EKH, Student #4, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg 963.
Addison’s disease is treated with which drugs?
Fludrocortisone has both a mineralcorticoid (aldeosterone) and glucocorticoid (cortisol) activity. Desoxycorticosterone must be used with a glucocorticoid (prednisone) because it only has mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) activity.
EKH, Student #4, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg 966.
What are some concerns with drug compounding?
The development of adverse reactions or treatment failure due to loss of the drug’s stability, purity, and potency as it is altered from the original dosage form.
EKH, Student #4, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg 975.
What is the CRI formula?
M=(D x W x V) (R)
M=drug amount (mcg or mg) to be added to the base solution
D=dosage (mcg or mg/kg/minute)
W=body weight (kg)
V=volume of base solution
R=infusion rate (mL/minute)
EKH, Student #4, Mcurnin 9th Ed. pg 979.
What term refers to the amount of time for a drug in the body to decrease to half the amount that was administered?
Half Life
BH, Student #5, McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 881
Drugs such as Morphine, Fentanyl and Phenobarbital are classified as what schedule drugs?
Schedule II
BH, Student #5, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 878
What group of antibiotics MOA interferes with development of the bacterial cell wall?
Penicillin
BH, Student #5, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 883
What drug is administered IV to stop seizures?
Diazepam
BH, Student #5, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 893
What term refers to a drug that is used for a different purpose than what the FDA has approved it for?
Off Label Use
BH. Student #5, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 895
What is pharmacodynamics and what is measuring?
It is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the body. Parameters include MOA, relationship between drug concentration and effect, side effects and adverse effects.
LB. Student #2 McCurnin 9th ed. pg 957
What are the different types of insulins used and what are the syringe types?
Regular insulin, NPH, Glargine, and PZIR.
U-100 and U-40
LB. Student #2 McCurnin 9th ed. pg 967
What companies regulate the drug withdrawal time in food - producing animals?
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
LB. Student #2 McCurnin 9th ed. pg 974
What act made it legal for veterinarians to use animal and human drugs for treatment?
Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA).
LB. Student #2 McCurnin 9th ed. pg 973
What information must be on a prescription label that is going to be sent home with an owner?
A. The name, address and phone number of the dispensing veterinary clinic or pharmacy.
B. The name of the client.
C. Identification of the animal.
D. The date dispensed.
E. Directions for use.
F. The name of the prescribing veterinarian.
G. If drug is controlled needs to say “Caution: Federal law prohibits transfer of this drug to any person other than the patient of whom it was prescribed.
LB. Student #2 McCurnin 9th ed. pg 977
Which type of drug is used to increase excretion of water? Which conditions/diseases can these drugs be used to treat?
Diuretics- useful for edema, CHF, some diseases of kidneys/liver/GI tract
Student #11 SF
McCurnin 9th ed.
pg 967
What is the most common side effect of most antibiotics? What may be recommended in order to prevent this side effect?
GI upset (vomiting/diarrhea)
May recommend giving antibiotics with food to prevent GI upset
Student #11, SF
McCurnin 9th ed.
pg.960-962
Why is it important to consider adjusting dosages for patients with kidney disease/failure?
The kidneys play a major role in drug excretion, so if they are diseased or failing, there will be less excretion and a higher blood concentration of drugs. This leads to higher risk for adverse reactions and/or toxicity, especially for drugs that are primarily excreted in the kidneys (fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, enalapril, digoxin, chloramphenicol)
Student #11 SF
McCurnin 9th ed. pg9 958
Why is it contraindicated to use NSAIDs and steroids (glucocorticoids) concurrently?
Both of these anti-inflammatory drugs can cause GI ulceration, so using them together poses greater risk for severe GI ulceration and/or perforation.
Student #11 SF
McCurnin 9th ed.
pg. 972
How are immunosuppressive drugs typically used for long-term management of immune-mediated diseases? WHy?
Initially, immunosuppressives will be given at higher doses to control the symptoms and stabilize the underlying disease. Then, the patient will gradually be tapered off of the drugs to the lowest possible therapeutic dose. This is done to minimize the adverse effects of long-term immunosuppressive use.
Student #11 SF
McCurnin 9th ed.
pg. 972
What is the mechanism of action for diuretics?
Diuretics inhibit the reabsorption of sodium at different parts of the nephron or collecting duct.
Student #10 MS
McCurnin 10th ed.
pg. 889
Treatment of heart disease can include the use of what drugs?
Diuretics to reduce fluid accumulation. Inotropic agents to improve contractility of cardiac muscles. Antihypertensives to modulate blood pressure. Antiarrhythmics to control heart rhythm abnormalities.
Student #10 MS
McCurnin 10th ed.
pg. 889
What are the side effects of long term Glucocorticoid use?
Long term Glucocorticoid use can cause immunosuppression, delayed wound healing, polyuria, polydipsia, and diabetes mellitus.
Student #10 MS
McCurnin 10th ed.
pg. 894
What are the risks for each schedule of controlled drugs?
Schedule I: Use not accepted in a practical setting in the US.
Schedule II: Risk of sever psychic or physical dependence in humans.
Schedule III: Risk of moderate to low physical dependence but high psychological dependence.
Schedule IV: Risk of limited physical or psychological dependence in humans.
Schedule V: No DEA limit on prescriptions.
Student #10 MS
McCurnin 10th ed.
pg. 878
How does an animal’s metabolism eliminate drugs?
Enzyme systems in the GI tract, kidney, and liver inactivate drugs and/or make them more water soluble for elimination in urine or bile.
Student #10 MS
McCurnin 10th ed.
pg. 880
What is the first-pass effect?
When a portion of a drug is lost during the process of absorption in the liver. Large amounts of a drug delivered PO will be metabolized before even entering the bloodstream.
CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. #956
Why is it important to consider doses of highly protein-bound drugs in patients with hypoproteinemia?
A portion of the drug binds to albumin and creates a larger molecule that cannot move out into tissues. Only the unbound portion of the drug is distributed and causes the desired effects. If a patient has hypoproteinemia, they have less protein available to bind to the drug. This causes a higher portion of the drug to be distributed to tissues, making adverse side effects or overdose more likely.
CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. #956
Why is the most common side effect of antibiotics vomiting and diarrhea?
Antibiotics can affect the normal bacterial flora in the GI tract, creating a bacterial imbalance. Specific antibiotics also directly irritate the stomach.
CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. #962
Why should long-acting glucocorticoids be avoided when possible?
Long-acting glucocorticoids are eliminated from the body very slowly. This prolongs side effects, suppresses the body’s production of natural glucocorticoids, and makes it difficult to taper off the dose effectively.
CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. #972
What is Furosemide’s mechanism of action?
It inhibits sodium, potassium, and chloride reabsorption in the Loop of Henle. Therefore more sodium is being excreted which will cause more water to be excreted as well.
CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. #967, 969
Both Diazepam and Anticonvulsants are able to assist with…
Epilepsy
LM Student #7 McCurnin 10th ed. # 322
Which type of insulin can be given intravenously?
Regular insulin
LM Student #7 McCurnin 10th ed. #329
Because of a genetic mutation, Collies and a few other dog breeds have a nonfunctional p-glycoprotein pump. This abnormality makes these breeds more sensitive to the drug ivermectin because it
Decreases action of the blood-brain barrier.
LM Student #7 McCurnin 10th ed. #328
Blood flow to the kidneys is negatively impacted by…
NSAID - class drug
LM Student #7 McCurnin 10th ed. #328
Is associated with an immune-system response.
Idiosyncratic drug reactions Or Dose dependent drug reactions?
Idiosyncratic
LM Student #7 McCurnin 10th ed. #323
What drug is well absorbed in cat through transmucosally?
Buprenorphine
MKM Student #8 McCurnin 10th ed. #2300
What is bioavailability?
Bioavailability refers to the fraction of a drug dose that reaches the bloodstream
MKM Student #8 McCurin 10th ed. #2302
What is a steady state refer to?
Where the amount of drug administered is equal to the amount of drug being eliminated
MKM Student #8 McCurin 10th ed #2305
What are the side effects of Pimobenden?
GI upset, anxiety, and kidney failure
MKM Student #8 McCurin 10th ed #2325
Why can you not prescribe steroids and NSIADS at the same time?
They can cause significant gastric ulcers and perforations?
MKM Student #8 McCurin 10th ed #2333
