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VET 2050 FA 23 > Laboratory Procedures > Flashcards

Laboratory Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term when there are increased numbers of casts in a urine sample?

A

Cylinduria

ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 373

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2
Q

T or F : Normal urine contains glucose.

A

False, normal urine should not contain glucose

ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 372

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3
Q

What is the normal pH of a carnivore? Herbivore?

A

Carnivore is 5.0-7.5, Herbivore Is 7.5-8.5

ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 371

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4
Q

Which of the following serologic test is not used to measure hormones?
a) Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay (ELSIA)
b) Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
c) Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA)
d) Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID)

A

D: Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID)

ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg.368

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5
Q

What do increases in BUN and Creat indicate on a chemistry panel?

A

Azotemia

ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 364

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6
Q

Where do casts form compared to crystals?
A: Cast form in the distal renal tubes and crystals form depending on the pH
B: Crystals for in the dial renal tubes and cast form form depending on the pH
C: Casts form in a decreased pH level and Crystals form in a increased pH level

A

A: Casts form in the distal renal tubes and crystals form depending on the pH.

LB, Student #2, McCurnin 9th Edition pg. 402

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7
Q

What are some preanalytical factors

A

Collecting procedures, sample labeling, sample handling and processing and shipping procedures.

LB, Student #2, McCurnin 9th Edition pg. 393

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8
Q

What is the serology test used to test?

A

Endocrinology testing, detection of infectious agents or drug testing.
LB, Student #2, McCurnin 9th Edition pg. 396

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9
Q

What is the specific gravity used to indicate?
A: The pH of the urine
B: The concentrating ability of the kidney
C: The number and molecular weight of particles in the urine

A

B and C

LB, Student #2, McCurnin 9th Edition pg. 398

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10
Q

What is the measure of pH

A

The concentration of hydrogen ion

LB, Student #2, McCurnin 9th Edition pg. 399

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11
Q

How can you differentiate hematuria from hemoglobinuria?

A

You can distinguish the two by either letting the sample sit, or centrifuging the sample. RBCs will settle to the bottom of the tube (hematuria), whereas hemoglobin will remain in the solution (hemoglobinuria).

BH, Student #5, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg. 398

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12
Q

What does a refractometer measure for urine?

A

The specific gravity of the urine.

BH, Student #5, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg. 399

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13
Q

What lab test can you use to diagnose “scabies” (Sarcoptes scabei)?

A

A skin scraping with a scalpel blade

BH, Student #5, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg. 427

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14
Q

What are the various collection methods for urine?

A

free catch, cystocentesis, catherization, bladder expression, collection from floor or cage.

BH, Student #5, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg. 398

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15
Q

What type of crystals can be seen in Dalmatians?

A

Urate crystals

BH, student #5, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg. 404

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16
Q

What kind of appearance would a plasma sample with lipemia have?

A

Lipemia is characterized by increased turbidity ranging from hazy to milky.

MS, Student #10, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg. 366

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17
Q

What is the main advantage of Cystocentesis over other urine collection techniques?

A

Cystocentesis gathers a sample directly from the bladder, which avoids contamination from the urethra.

MS, Student #10, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg. 370

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18
Q

What is Pyuria and what diagnostic finding in an indication of it?

A

Pyuria is inflammation in the urinary tract. It is indicated by an increased number of leukocytes in the urine.

MS, Student #10, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg. 373

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19
Q

What is the normal ratio of protein to creatinine in canine urine?

A

A normal ratio is less than 0.5 protein/creatinine. A ratio greater than 1.0 can indicate significant proteinuria.

MS, Student #10, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg. 372

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20
Q

What types of crystals are commonly found in the urine of healthy dogs and cats?

A

Struvite, calcium phosphate, and calcium oxalate.
MS, Student #10, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg. 373

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21
Q

Failure to regulate metabolites and leakage from damaged cells can be revealed by patterns in a chemistry panel or CBC?

A

Organ or cellular function integrity can be inferred by changes seen in a blood chemistry panel.

Student #4, EKH, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg 392.

22
Q

Icteric index, lipemic index, and hemolytic index mean what on a reference laboratory chemistry analysis report?

A

They are a numeric estimation of the level of interference in the sample and the direction of effect on the results (falsely decreased or increased value).

Student #4, EKH, McCurnin 9th ed. pg 395.

23
Q

How are the chemistry analyzer QC calibrators and controls used differently?

A

Controls are run on a regular basis to assess the consistency of chemistry analyzer results over time. When running controls results in values outside the acceptable range, it suggests the machine should be adjusted using a calibrator.

Student #4, EKH, McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 395-396.

24
Q

What two species have urine that is not normally clear and why?

A

Horse urine is normally cloudy due to calcium carbonate crystals. Rabbit urine appears very turbid due to mucus and calcium carbonate crystals.

Student #4, EKH, McCurnin 9th ed. pg 398.

25
Q

Which SG and protein value represents more severe proteinuria-SG of 1.010 and 4+ protein or SG of 1.045 and 4+ protein?

A

SG of 1.010 and 4+ indicates more severe proteinuria. SG which is below the minimal levels in dehydrated animals indicates impaired kidney function.

Student #4, EKH, McCurnin 9th ed. pg 399.

26
Q

In a dehydrated patient, how is USG used to determine if an azotemia is pre-renal or renal?

A

Pre-renal azotemia: patient is dehydrated, but has high USG, meaning the kidneys are still properly functioning/able to concentrate the urine
Renal azotemia: If patient is dehydrated and has lower than expected USG, the kidneys are not properly functioning/able to concentrate the urine

Student #11 SF
McCurnin’s 9th ed.
pg 392-393

27
Q

How are albumin and globulin levels in serum measured?

A

Albumin is measured in most blood chemistry panels, and globulin is found by subtracting the albumin concentration from the total protein (TP) concentration.

Student #11 SF
McCurnin’s 9th ed.
pg 393

28
Q

Which type of casts are most concerning when seen on urinalysis, what do they indicate?

A

Waxy casts- indicate chronic renal lesion; are a result of continued degeneration of granular casts

Student #11 SF
McCurnin’s 9th ed.
pg 402

29
Q

Does absence of ketones on a urine dipstick mean that a patient is not experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

A

No- most urine dipsticks do not detect the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate, so ketonuria may not be detected during some stages of DKA.

Student #11 SF
McCurnin’s 9th ed
pg. 400

30
Q

When is isosthenuria a concern?

A

When the patient is dehydrated or overhydrated- it indicates impaired ability of the kidneys to concentrate or dilute urine.

Student #11 SF
McCurnin’s 9th ed.
pg 399

31
Q

What is the difference between rouleaux and agglutination?

A

Rouleaux is when RBCs are formed in chains and look like a stack of coins, whereas agglutination is irregular, variably sized clumps of RBCs

CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 375

32
Q

What is a degenerative left shift?

A

Where immature neutrophils (bands, metamyelocytes, and myelocytes) are being released by the bone marrow to meet demand and are now exceeding the number of mature neutrophils

CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 383

33
Q

What cells are seen in urine that indicate tubular degeneration?

A

Renal tubular epithelial cells

CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 401

34
Q

Ideally, urine should be examined within ____ minutes of collection to ensure accurate test results

A

30

CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 398

35
Q

What nematode species infects only dogs and has clinical signs mostly in young puppies such as diarrhea, vomiting, enlarged abdomen, constipation, flatulence, and poor growth rate?

A

Toxocara canis (canine roundworm)

CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 417-418

36
Q

Which elements in a urinalysis are expressed as a number per low powered field (LPF)?

A

Crystals and casts

Student #1 MA McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 372

37
Q

What type of test is a SNAP 4Dx test?

A

Serologic test based on ELISA technology

Student #1 MA McCurnin pg. 369

38
Q

What is an indication that your patient has a stress-related hyperglycemia and not diabetes?

A

Stress-induced hyperglycemiais transient

Student #1 MA McCurnin -g. 365

39
Q

Which collection method is ideal for performing a urine culture?

A

Cystocentesis

Student #1 MA McCurnin pg. 371

40
Q

Should samples be stored in the refrigerator prior to centrifugation?

A

No, refrigerating samples before they are spun can interfere with clot formation and alter the serum of the sample.

Student #1 MA McCurnin pg. 365

41
Q

What can serum enzyme but used to detect

A

Hepatocellular injury, cholestasis, muscle damage
Student #8 MKM McCurnin ed. 10th pg. 926

42
Q

What is a consideration for storing urine for bilirubin testing ?

A

Storing bilirubin away from the light, because bilirubin is light sensitive
Student #8 MKM McCurnin ed. 10th pg. 943

43
Q

What will lab work show if the serum has been left on the clot long then an hour?

A

Decreased Glucose concentration
Student #8 MKM McCurnin ed. 10th pg. 928

44
Q

How would the blood gas be affected if the sample was exposed to air?

A

There would be gradual decrease in PCO2 and increases pH
Student #8 MKM McCurnin ed. 10th pg. 931

45
Q

What is a good way to avoid lipemia?

A

Fasting the animal 12 hours before the sample is taken.
Student #8 MKM McCurnin ed. 10th pg. 927

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VET 2050 FA 23 (10 decks)

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