Laboratory Procedures Flashcards
What is the term when there are increased numbers of casts in a urine sample?
Cylinduria
ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 373
T or F : Normal urine contains glucose.
False, normal urine should not contain glucose
ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 372
What is the normal pH of a carnivore? Herbivore?
Carnivore is 5.0-7.5, Herbivore Is 7.5-8.5
ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 371
Which of the following serologic test is not used to measure hormones?
a) Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay (ELSIA)
b) Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
c) Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA)
d) Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID)
D: Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID)
ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg.368
What do increases in BUN and Creat indicate on a chemistry panel?
Azotemia
ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 364
Where do casts form compared to crystals?
A: Cast form in the distal renal tubes and crystals form depending on the pH
B: Crystals for in the dial renal tubes and cast form form depending on the pH
C: Casts form in a decreased pH level and Crystals form in a increased pH level
A: Casts form in the distal renal tubes and crystals form depending on the pH.
LB, Student #2, McCurnin 9th Edition pg. 402
What are some preanalytical factors
Collecting procedures, sample labeling, sample handling and processing and shipping procedures.
LB, Student #2, McCurnin 9th Edition pg. 393
What is the serology test used to test?
Endocrinology testing, detection of infectious agents or drug testing.
LB, Student #2, McCurnin 9th Edition pg. 396
What is the specific gravity used to indicate?
A: The pH of the urine
B: The concentrating ability of the kidney
C: The number and molecular weight of particles in the urine
B and C
LB, Student #2, McCurnin 9th Edition pg. 398
What is the measure of pH
The concentration of hydrogen ion
LB, Student #2, McCurnin 9th Edition pg. 399
How can you differentiate hematuria from hemoglobinuria?
You can distinguish the two by either letting the sample sit, or centrifuging the sample. RBCs will settle to the bottom of the tube (hematuria), whereas hemoglobin will remain in the solution (hemoglobinuria).
BH, Student #5, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg. 398
What does a refractometer measure for urine?
The specific gravity of the urine.
BH, Student #5, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg. 399
What lab test can you use to diagnose “scabies” (Sarcoptes scabei)?
A skin scraping with a scalpel blade
BH, Student #5, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg. 427
What are the various collection methods for urine?
free catch, cystocentesis, catherization, bladder expression, collection from floor or cage.
BH, Student #5, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg. 398
What type of crystals can be seen in Dalmatians?
Urate crystals
BH, student #5, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg. 404
What kind of appearance would a plasma sample with lipemia have?
Lipemia is characterized by increased turbidity ranging from hazy to milky.
MS, Student #10, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg. 366
What is the main advantage of Cystocentesis over other urine collection techniques?
Cystocentesis gathers a sample directly from the bladder, which avoids contamination from the urethra.
MS, Student #10, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg. 370
What is Pyuria and what diagnostic finding in an indication of it?
Pyuria is inflammation in the urinary tract. It is indicated by an increased number of leukocytes in the urine.
MS, Student #10, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg. 373
What is the normal ratio of protein to creatinine in canine urine?
A normal ratio is less than 0.5 protein/creatinine. A ratio greater than 1.0 can indicate significant proteinuria.
MS, Student #10, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg. 372
What types of crystals are commonly found in the urine of healthy dogs and cats?
Struvite, calcium phosphate, and calcium oxalate.
MS, Student #10, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg. 373
Failure to regulate metabolites and leakage from damaged cells can be revealed by patterns in a chemistry panel or CBC?
Organ or cellular function integrity can be inferred by changes seen in a blood chemistry panel.
Student #4, EKH, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg 392.
Icteric index, lipemic index, and hemolytic index mean what on a reference laboratory chemistry analysis report?
They are a numeric estimation of the level of interference in the sample and the direction of effect on the results (falsely decreased or increased value).
Student #4, EKH, McCurnin 9th ed. pg 395.
How are the chemistry analyzer QC calibrators and controls used differently?
Controls are run on a regular basis to assess the consistency of chemistry analyzer results over time. When running controls results in values outside the acceptable range, it suggests the machine should be adjusted using a calibrator.
Student #4, EKH, McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 395-396.
What two species have urine that is not normally clear and why?
Horse urine is normally cloudy due to calcium carbonate crystals. Rabbit urine appears very turbid due to mucus and calcium carbonate crystals.
Student #4, EKH, McCurnin 9th ed. pg 398.
Which SG and protein value represents more severe proteinuria-SG of 1.010 and 4+ protein or SG of 1.045 and 4+ protein?
SG of 1.010 and 4+ indicates more severe proteinuria. SG which is below the minimal levels in dehydrated animals indicates impaired kidney function.
Student #4, EKH, McCurnin 9th ed. pg 399.
In a dehydrated patient, how is USG used to determine if an azotemia is pre-renal or renal?
Pre-renal azotemia: patient is dehydrated, but has high USG, meaning the kidneys are still properly functioning/able to concentrate the urine
Renal azotemia: If patient is dehydrated and has lower than expected USG, the kidneys are not properly functioning/able to concentrate the urine
Student #11 SF
McCurnin’s 9th ed.
pg 392-393
How are albumin and globulin levels in serum measured?
Albumin is measured in most blood chemistry panels, and globulin is found by subtracting the albumin concentration from the total protein (TP) concentration.
Student #11 SF
McCurnin’s 9th ed.
pg 393
Which type of casts are most concerning when seen on urinalysis, what do they indicate?
Waxy casts- indicate chronic renal lesion; are a result of continued degeneration of granular casts
Student #11 SF
McCurnin’s 9th ed.
pg 402
Does absence of ketones on a urine dipstick mean that a patient is not experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
No- most urine dipsticks do not detect the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate, so ketonuria may not be detected during some stages of DKA.
Student #11 SF
McCurnin’s 9th ed
pg. 400
When is isosthenuria a concern?
When the patient is dehydrated or overhydrated- it indicates impaired ability of the kidneys to concentrate or dilute urine.
Student #11 SF
McCurnin’s 9th ed.
pg 399
What is the difference between rouleaux and agglutination?
Rouleaux is when RBCs are formed in chains and look like a stack of coins, whereas agglutination is irregular, variably sized clumps of RBCs
CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 375
What is a degenerative left shift?
Where immature neutrophils (bands, metamyelocytes, and myelocytes) are being released by the bone marrow to meet demand and are now exceeding the number of mature neutrophils
CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 383
What cells are seen in urine that indicate tubular degeneration?
Renal tubular epithelial cells
CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 401
Ideally, urine should be examined within ____ minutes of collection to ensure accurate test results
30
CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 398
What nematode species infects only dogs and has clinical signs mostly in young puppies such as diarrhea, vomiting, enlarged abdomen, constipation, flatulence, and poor growth rate?
Toxocara canis (canine roundworm)
CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 417-418
Which elements in a urinalysis are expressed as a number per low powered field (LPF)?
Crystals and casts
Student #1 MA McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 372
What type of test is a SNAP 4Dx test?
Serologic test based on ELISA technology
Student #1 MA McCurnin pg. 369
What is an indication that your patient has a stress-related hyperglycemia and not diabetes?
Stress-induced hyperglycemiais transient
Student #1 MA McCurnin -g. 365
Which collection method is ideal for performing a urine culture?
Cystocentesis
Student #1 MA McCurnin pg. 371
Should samples be stored in the refrigerator prior to centrifugation?
No, refrigerating samples before they are spun can interfere with clot formation and alter the serum of the sample.
Student #1 MA McCurnin pg. 365
What can serum enzyme but used to detect
Hepatocellular injury, cholestasis, muscle damage
Student #8 MKM McCurnin ed. 10th pg. 926
What is a consideration for storing urine for bilirubin testing ?
Storing bilirubin away from the light, because bilirubin is light sensitive
Student #8 MKM McCurnin ed. 10th pg. 943
What will lab work show if the serum has been left on the clot long then an hour?
Decreased Glucose concentration
Student #8 MKM McCurnin ed. 10th pg. 928
How would the blood gas be affected if the sample was exposed to air?
There would be gradual decrease in PCO2 and increases pH
Student #8 MKM McCurnin ed. 10th pg. 931
What is a good way to avoid lipemia?
Fasting the animal 12 hours before the sample is taken.
Student #8 MKM McCurnin ed. 10th pg. 927
