Anesthesia Flashcards
What is anesthesia?
Anesthesia is defined as an absence of sensation that affects the whole body or an isolated part or region of the body
ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg.927
What are the food and water withdrawal time periods for dog/cat, horse, cattle, small ruminants, and neonates?
Dog/Cat : food is 8-12 hours, water is 2-4 hours
Horses : food is 8-12 hours, water is 0-2 hours
Cattle : food is 24-48hours, water is 8-12 hours
Small ruminants: food is 12-18 hours, water is 8-12 hours
Neonates: No food/water restrictions, 0 hours
ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg.928
True or false: Intubation is performed blindly in horses and cattle, but not in small ruminants.
True : intubation is performed blindly in horses and cattle, and in small ruminants, you visualize the larynx with a laryngoscope
ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 946
What are tranquilizers and sedatives used for? Examples?
Tranquilizers and sedatives are commonly used to provide patient restraint for minor procedures such as grooming, diagnostic imaging, blood draws, nail trims, and wound treatment. They are also used as premedication’s to produce analgesia and muscle relaxation. Examples include Phenothiazine (acepromazine) and Benzodiazepines (diazepam, midazolam, zolazepam), Alpha2 agonists (dexmedetomidine, xylazine, detomidine, romifidine), Opioids (morphine, fentanyl, oxymorphone, hydromorphone, buprenorphine, butorphanol).
ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 930-931
In regards to equine anesthesia, what are the biggest complications they are more likely to develop compared to other species?
Hypoxemia, hypoventilation, hypotension
ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 965
What ASA level goes with what criteria?
A - ASA I
B - ASA 2
C - ASA 3
D - ASA 4
E - ASA 5
1 - Normal healthy patient
2 - Moribund patient that is not expected to survive without the operation
3 -Patient with severe systemic disease
4 - Patient with severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life
5 - Patient with mild systemic disease
A - 1
B - 5
C - 3
D - 4
E - 2
LB, Student #2, McCurnin 9th Edition pg. 1012
Where are location you can use to place a doppler ultrasound monitor?
Ventral surface of the tail
Dorsomedial surface of the hock
Proximal to the metatarsal pad or the metacarpal pad
LB, Student #2, McCurnin 9th Edition pg.1041
Where are location you can use to place a pulse oximeter probe monitor?
Ear, tongue, lip, or flank fold
Ventral surface go the tail base
Toe web or skin fold between the achilles tendon and the tibia
LB, Student #2, McCurnin 9th Edition pg. 1043
What of the following is not an anesthetic concern:
A - Hypotension
B - Cyanosis
C - Patient that has been recovered with no concerns for about 5 hours
D - Patient that has been recovered with a rough recovery for about 1 hours
C - Patient that has been recovered with no concerns for about 5 hours
LB, Student #2, McCurnin 9th Edition pg. 1057
What are the anesthesia machines used for small animals vs large animals?
Small animals - rebreathing system to nonrebreathing system
Large animals - Oxygen flow rate rebreathing system
LB, Student #2, McCurnin 9th Edition pg. 1025
When a patient is at an ideal surgical anesthesia plane, what is their eyeball position?
Ventromedial
BH, Student #5, McCurnin 9th Edition, pg. 1039
What do you use to measure for endotracheal tube size (length and diameter)?
Length = thoracic inlet to caudal aspect of canine for length Diameter = between the nostrils from the nasal philtrum.
BH, Student #5, McCurnin 9th Edition pg. 1028
When rotating a patient in the middle of a surgical procedure, what is an important thing that you should do before you rotate the patient?
Unhook your tubing from your patients endotracheal tube.
BH, Student #5 McCurnin 9th Edition, pg. 1033
When can a endotracheal tube be removed (extubated) after a procedure is complete?
After the patient’s swallowing reflex returns.
BH, Student #5 McCurnin 9th Edition, pg. 1049
When giving an IV induction drug “to effect”, what does the term “to effect” mean?
It means that the drug is administered gradually in increments until the desired stage of anesthesia is reached. The entire calculated dose may or may not be used.
BH, Student #5 McCurnin 9th Edition, pg. 1049
What is the difference between tranquilization and sedation?
Tranquilization is a state of reduced anxiety and relaxation. Sedation is a state of drowsiness or calmness.
Student #4, EH, McCurnin 9th ed., pg. 1011
What is neuroleptanalgesia?
It is the state of profound sedation and analgesia produced by the administration of an opioid and a tranquilizer at the same time.
Student #4, EH, McCurnin 9th ed., pg 1015
The pressure manometer should read no higher than _____ cm H20 in large animals.
a) 20
b) 30
c) 35
d) 40
d) 40
Student #4, EH, McCurnin 9th ed., pg 1028
Which premedication agent should you counsel clients regarding handling their pet after use?
Acepromazine because it can cause aggression among other personality changes.
Student #4, EH, McCurnin 9th ed., pg 1013
Your patient is apneic but stable otherwise and at an adequate anesthesia plane, is it appropriate to “bag” only 2-4 times a minute until normal respiration resumes?
Yes. After hyperventilation, it allows the CO2 levels to normalize.
Student #4, EH, McCurnin 9th ed., pg 1058
What are some advantages of Etomidate?
Etomidate provides a hypnotic effect with minimal changes in cardiovascular and respiratory function and is the drug of choice for patients with severe heart disease or shock.
Student #10, MS, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 934
What are the parts of a non-rebreathing circuit?
Vaporizer outlet port, fresh gas inlet, connecter to the patient, reservoir bag, pressure relief valve, and scavenging hose.
Student #10, MS, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 937
What are the normal heart rates for dogs, cats, horses, and cattle while under anesthesia?
Dog: 60-150 bpm
Cat: 120-180 bpm
Horse: 28-40 bpm
Cattle: 50-80 bpm
Student #10, MS, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 951
What systolic blood pressure measurement indicates hypertension in small animals?
Greater than 160 mm Hg
Student #10, MS, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 956
How do we fix hypotension under anesthesia?
IV fluids, decreasing the anesthetic gas, drug therapy, and warming the patient.
Student #10, MS, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 971
Which class of drugs can cause an apneustic breathing pattern? (Long pause after inspiration and short pause after expiration)
Dissociatives
Student #1 MA McCurnin Tenth Edition pg. 933
What precautions can be taken to prevent laryngospasm during intubation?
Do not force the tube if the glottis is closed, wait for the glottis to open, apply lidocaine to the glottis before intubation, make sure the patient is at a good depth before intubating
Student #1 MA McCurnin Tenth Edition pp. 947-948
In patients with liver disease, which drug should be avoided in selecting an anesthetic protocol?
Acepromazine
Student #1 MA McCurnin Tenth Edition pg. 962
What is an indication that a horse may have a “rough” recovery from anesthesia?
Rapid nystagmus and paddling of the limbs
Student #1 MA McCurnin Tenth Edition pg. 965
What are two considerations unique to ruminant anesthesia?
Positioning the head below the body to allow the large amounts of saliva produced to drain, and monitoring for bloat in the rumen.
Student #1 MA McCurnn Tenth Edition pg. 967
What is the main adverse effect of Acepromazine?
Hypotension
Student #11 SF
McCurnin’s 9th ed
pg 1013
What are some reasons that benzodiazepines are not used alone for premedication or induction?
-sedation is unpredictable in cats
-dogs can experience CNS excitement
-to prevent risk of overdose/having to use expensive reversal agent
Student #11 SF
McCurnin’s 9th ed
pg 1014
True or false?
Nonprecision vaporizers can be used with isoflurane and sevoflurane
False,
isoflurane and sevoflurane require the use of precision vaporizers
Student #11 SF
McCurnin’s 9th ed
pg 1025-1026
What conditions can result from having too much pressure in the breathing circuit (greater than 20 cmH2O in small animals, 40cmH2O in large animals)?
Dyspnea, lung damage, pneumothorax, decreased cardiac output
Student #11 SF
McCurnin’s 9th ed
pg 1028
What complications may arise from using an ET tube that is too small in diameter?
-inability to create seal between cuff and trachea
-difficulty maintaining anesthesia
-aspiration pneumonia
-polluting room air with anesthetic gas
-increased resistance to breathing, increased respiratory effort
Student #11 SF
McCurnin’s 9th ed
pg 1034
A Cole endotracheal tube is used in what type of patients?
Small patients and birds since their tracheas can be damaged with an inflatable cuff
CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th Ed. Pg. 1019
What is the first step of preparing an anesthesia machine for use?
Check the quantity of carrier gas in the cylinders and replace if needed
CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th Ed. Pg. 1022
When inflating an ET tube cuff, at what pressure should you hear gas leakage to ensure there is a seal between the trachea and the cuff?
20 cm H2O
CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th Ed. Pg. 1033
What induction drugs cannot be administered IM?
Propofol and Etomidate
CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th Ed. Pg. 1047
What is the maintenance rate (%) of isoflurane?
1.5-2.5%
CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th Ed. Pg. 1048
What is something important to know when administering Diazepam IV?
It should be given slowly.
HG student #3 McCurnin pg 930
What is the difference between small and large animal Atropine?
Large animal is concentrated to last 30-40 times stronger than small animal concentrations.
HG Student #3 McCurnin pg 930
What clinical signs are we watching for when monitoring a pet under Alpha 2 agonist drugs?
Hypotension, Arrythmias, Bradycardia, and abnormal temperatures.
HG Student #3 McCurnin pg 931
What is one disadvantage of sevoflurane?
It causes more hypotension than isoflurane.
HG Student #3 McCurnin pg 934
What is Tidal Volume?
The amount of air that passes in or out of a patients lungs during a normal breath.
HG Student #3 McCurnin pg 943
What are some causes of a underinflated cuff?
Difficulty with keeping the patient anesthetized
Aspiration of stomach contents
Pollutions of the work space with anesthetic gas
MM Student #8 McCurnin pg #2468
True or false Laryngospasms can lead to hypoxia and cyanosis.
True
MM Student #8 McCurnin pg #2467
What is dead space?
Dead space are breathing passages and tube that convey fresh oxygen to the alveoli but in which no gas exchange occurs.
MM Student #8 McCurnin pg #2459
How often should your anesthesia machine be inspected
Maintenance should be done by a professional at least once a year.
MM Student #8 McCurnin pg #2457
Do rebreathing systems use lower gas flow rates then non-rebreathing systems
Yes 30ml/kg
MM Student #8 McCurnin pg #2453
