Pharmacology - Rhinitis and Rhinorrhoea

Question 1

how does rhinitis present?

Answer 1

rhinorrhoea
sneezing
itching
nasal congestion

Question 2

what are the three types of rhinitis?

Answer 2

allergic
non allergic
mixed

Question 3

what are the three classifications of allergic rhinitis?

Answer 3

seasonal (SAR)
perennial (PAR)
episodic (EAR)

Question 4

what triggers allergic rhinitis?

Answer 4

inhalation of an antigen, resulting in increased IgE release

triggers mast cell degranulation = immune response

Question 5

what is non-allergic rhinitis?

Answer 5

any rhinitis which doesn’t involve IgE dependent events

Question 6

name five types of non-allergic rhinitis

Answer 6

infectious 
hormonal 
vasomotor 
NARES
drug induced

Question 7

when is hormonal rhinitis common?

Answer 7

pregnancy

Question 8

what is the most common cause of infectious rhinitis?

Answer 8

viral infection

Question 9

what is NARES?

Answer 9

non allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome

Question 10

what drug can cause drug induced rhinitis?

Answer 10

aspirin

Question 11

what drugs are given for anti-inflammatory effect in rhinitis?

Answer 11

glucocorticoids

Question 12

what drugs are given to cause mediator receptor blockade in rhinitis?

Answer 12

H1 receptor antagonists

CysLT1 receptor antagonists

Question 13

what drugs are given to limit nasal blood flow in rhinitis?

Answer 13

vasoconstrictors

Question 14

what drug can be given as an anti-allergenic for rhinitis?

Answer 14

sodium cromoglicate

Question 15

what is the mainstay of therapy for allergic rhinitis?

Answer 15

glucocorticoids

Question 16

how are glucocorticoids administered for rhinitis?

Answer 16

topically as a spray to the nasal mucosa

Question 17

what can glucocorticoids be given alongside in mod-sev rhinitis?

Answer 17

anti histamines

Question 18

name three glucocorticoids

Answer 18

beclomethasone
fluticasone
prednisolone

Question 19

what is another name for H1 receptor antagonists?

Answer 19

anti histamines

Question 20

what is the MOA of H1 receptor antagonists?

Answer 20

competitive antagonists that reduce effects of mast cell derived histamine

Question 21

what type of rhinitis are anti-histamines useful for?

Answer 21

allergic

Question 22

how are anti-histamines administered for rhinitis?

Answer 22

orally

intranasal spray - azelastine

Question 23

name three anti-histamines

Answer 23

loratadine
fexofenadine
cetirizine

Question 24

how are anti-cholinergics administered for rhinitis?

Answer 24

intranasally

Question 25

what side effect can anti cholinergic drugs for rhinitis have?

Answer 25

dryness of the nasal membranes

Question 26

name an anti cholinergic that can be given for rhinitis

Answer 26

ipratropium

Question 27

name a CysLT receptor antagonist given for rhinitis

Answer 27

montelukast

Question 28

name a vasoconstrictor that may be given for allergic rhinitis

Answer 28

oxymetazoline