Anatomy of Breathing Flashcards
what is the respiratory tree?
a set of tubes that connect the nose and mouth with the alveoli
what covers the walls of the alveoli?
capillaries
where does the upper respiratory tract end?
larynx
where does the lower respiratory tract begin?
trachea
where does the URT become the LRT?
at the level of C6
what happens to the larynx at the level of C6?
it becomes the trachea
what happens to the pharynx at the level of C6?
it becomes the oesophagus
what is each area of lung supplied by a lobar bronchus called?
a lung lobe
how many lobes does the right lung have?
three
how many lobes does the left lung have?
two
what is a bronchopulmonary segment?
the area of lung supplied by one segmental bronchus
how many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung have?
10
what separates the lung lobes?
fissures
what lines the inside of the bronchial tree?
respiratory epithelium
which two parts of the bronchial tree have a different lining to the rest?
distal bronchioles
alveoli
what two unique features are found on respiratory epithelium?
mucous glands
cilia
describe the mucociliary escalator
mucous traps pathogens, and is then sweeped up and out by the cilia
what can interfere with the normal beating of the cilia?
cooling and drying of the mucosa
toxins in cigarette smoke
what supports the walls of the trachea and bronchi?
hyaline cartilage
what parts of the respiratory tree contain NO cartilage?
alveoli
distal bronchioles
what is the most prominent feature in the walls of the bronchioles, and what does this allow?
smooth muscle
allows them to contract and dilate
what is wheeze?
the sound air makes as it passes through constricted airways
how many nasal cavities are there?
two
what separates the nasal cavities?
the nasal septum
what makes up the nasal septum?
posterior = ethmoid bone and vomer anterior = cartilage
what forms the floor of the nasal cavities?
the palate
what is the trachea the continuation of?
the larynx
what is the narrowest part of the larynx?
the rima glottidis
what are the two functions of the vocal ligaments?
airway protection
voice production
what is phonation?
producing sound
what is articulation?
producing speech
what exists to increase the surface area of the nasal cavities?
three conchae
they produce turbulent air flow to heat the air up and
what are the three parts of the pharynx?
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
how many pairs of ribs are there?
12
which ribs are true ribs?
1-7
which ribs are false ribs?
8-10
which ribs are floating ribs?
11 and 12
where is the sternal angle located?
at the level of rib two
what type of joint is a sternocostal joint?
synovial
what are the three layers of muscles between the ribs?
external intercostal
internal intercostal
innermost intercostal
where does the larynx become the trachea and the pharynx become the oesophagus?
at the level of C6
where can the trachea be palpated?
in the jugular notch of the manubrium
where is the isthmus of the thyroid gland located?
anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4
what are the two parts of the thorax?
chest walls
chest cavity
what is a lung lobe?
the area of the lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air
how many lobes does the right lung have?
three = upper, middle and lower
how many lobes does the left lung have?
two = upper and lower
what separates the lung lobes?
fissures
what is a bronchopulmonary segment?
an area of a lobe that each segmental bonchi supplies with air
how many bronchopulmonary segments are present in each lung?
10
what fissures are present in the lungs?
right lung = horizontal and oblique
left = oblique
what are the three layers of muscles in the intercostal spaces?
external intercostals
internal intercostals
innermost intercostals
what do the intercostal muscles do during breathing?
make the chest wall expand by pulling ribs up and out
how many intercostal spaces are there?
11 pairs
what makes up the nerve supply to the intercostal spaces?
anterior ramus of a spinal nerve = the intercostal nerve
what makes up the arterial supply to the posterior intercostal spaces?
thoracic aorta
what makes up the venous supply to the posterior intercostal spaces?
azygous vein
what makes up the arterial supply to the anterior intercostal spaces?
internal thoracic artery
what makes up the venous supply to the anterior intercostal spaces?
internal thoracic vein
what nerve supplies the diaphragm?
the phrenic nerve
what is the phrenic nerve made of?
C3-5 anterior rami
where are the phrenic nerves found in the neck?
anterior surface of scalenus anterior
where does the cephalic vein sit?
in the delto pectoral groove
where is the apex auscultated?
superior to the medial third of the clavicle
where is the middle lobe auscultated?
between ribs 4-6 in the midclavicular and midaxillary lines
where is the base of auscultated?
scapular line at the T11 vertebral level
