pharmacology of pain unwanted actions

Question 1

what are the 5 unwanted actions

Answer 1

respiratory depression 
nausea and vomiting
pupillary constriction 
dependence
histamine release

Question 2

respiratory depression what is it

Answer 2

activation of Mu receptors reduces sensitivity of respiratory centre to CO2

Question 3

how does respiratory depression occur

Answer 3

can occur with theraputic doses of morphine

main cause of death in overdose

Question 4

how can respiratory depression be reversed

Answer 4

using naloxone and naltrexone

but induces withdrawal symptoms

Question 5

nausea and vomiting how is it caused

Answer 5

stimulation of chemoreceptors trigger zone in medulla

Question 6

pupillary constriction how is it caused

Answer 6

stimulation of oculomotor nucleus mediates parasympathetic contractions in pupil
diagnostic of opioid abuse