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Integrated Biomedical Sciences > Pharmacology (Musculoskeletal) > Flashcards

Pharmacology (Musculoskeletal) Flashcards

1
Q

Discuss each of the following hormones in regards to calcium balance:

  • PTH
  • Calcitriol
  • Calcitonin
A

PTH:

  • released when the Ca2+ receptor detects low calcium in the blood
  • PTH raises plasma Ca2+ in 3 ways:
    • mobilizes calcium from bone
    • enhances renal reabsorption
    • indirectly increases intestinal absorption

Calcitriol:

  • Vitamin D3
  • primary hormone responsible for enhancing Ca2+ uptake
  • mobilizes Ca2+ from bone
  • increases renal reabsorption of Ca2+
  • production is regulated by PTH

Calcitonin:

  • releases from C cells in thyroid when plasma Ca2+ concentration increases
  • decreases bone resorption
  • increases renal calcium excretion
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2
Q

All of the following are antiresorptive drugs used to treat osteoporosis EXCEPT:

A. Bisphosphonates

B. SERMs

C. Denosumab

D. Teriparatide

A

D. Teriparatide

Antiresorptive drugs:

  • bisphosphonates, serms and denosumab

Anabolic agents:

  • PTH and teriparatide
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3
Q

Bisphosphonate such as alendronate may be given after a fracture to help strengthen bones, which is known as _______.

A. Primary prevention

B. Secondary prevention

A

B. Secondary prevention

Primary prevention: bisphosphonates given to someone with osteoporosis to help prevent fractures

Secondary prevention = given after fracture

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4
Q

What are the two bisphosphonates used to treat osteoporosis?

A

hint: drug names end in “dronate”

  • Alendronate
  • Zoledronate (most potent bisphosphonate)
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5
Q

Which of the following is a bisphosphonate used to treat osteoporosis?

A. Raloxifene

B. Denosumab

C. Alendronate

D. Dantrolene

A

C. Alendronate

Zolendronate: is the most potent bisphosphonate that can sometimes lead to osteonecrosis of the jaw

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6
Q

Which of the following is a bisphosphonate that can lead to osteonecrosis of the jaw due to it’s extremely high potency?

A. Raloxifene

B. Denosumab

C. Alendronate

D. Dantrolene

E. Zolendronate

A

E. Zolendronate

Zolendronate = most potent bisphosphonate

note: Alendronate is a way less potent bisphosphonate

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7
Q

All of the following are drugs used to treat osteoporosis EXCEPT:

A. Raloxifene

B. Denosumab

C. Alendronate

D. Dantrolene

E. Ergocalciferol

A

D. Dantrolene

Dantrolene = neuromuscular bocking drug

Raloxifene = SERMs (for menopause)

Denosumab = monoclonal antibody “mab”

Ergocalciferol = vitamin D deficiency

Alendronate = bisphosphonate

Zoledronate = bisphosphonate

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8
Q

Which of the following is used to treat osteoporosis in post-menopause women?

A. Raloxifene

B. Denosumab

C. Alendronate

D. Dantrolene

E. Ergocalciferol

A

A. Raloxifene

Raloxifene = selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)

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9
Q

Which of the following is used to treat osteoporosis in vitamin D deficient patients?

A. Raloxifene

B. Denosumab

C. Alendronate

D. Dantrolene

E. Ergocalciferol

A

E. Ergocalciferol

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10
Q

Which of the following is used to treat osteoporosis by inhibiting RANKL?

A. Raloxifene

B. Denosumab

C. Alendronate

D. Dantrolene

E. Ergocalciferol

A

B. Denosumab

Denosumab: monoclonal antibody that inhibits RANKL

“mab” = monoclonal antibody

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11
Q

Which of the following drugs require a dental check prior to use to prevent osteonecrosis of the jaw?

A. Raloxifene

B. Denosumab

C. Alendronate

D. Dantrolene

E. Zolendronate

A

E. Zolendronate

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12
Q

Which of the following is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug?

A. Dantrolene

B. Pancuronium

C. Succinylcholine

D. Mivacurium

E. Doxacuronium

A

C. Succinylcholine

Depolarizing = Succinylcholine

Nondepolarizing = Curare-like “Cur”

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13
Q

All of the following are nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs EXCEPT?

A. D-tubocurarine

B. Pancuronium

C. Succinylcholine

D. Mivacurium

E. Doxacuronium

A

C. Succinylcholine

Depolarizing = succinylcholine

Nondepolarizing = “curare”

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14
Q

Which of the following is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug?

A. Dantrolene

B. Succinylcholine

C. Botox

D. Pipercuronium

A

D. Pipercuronium

Nondepolarizing = Curare-like

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15
Q

Which of the following neuromuscular blocking drugs relaxes skeletal muscle without acting at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

A. Dantrolene

B. Succinylcholine

C. Botox

D. Pipercuronium

A

A. Dantrolene

Dantrolene: blocks Ca2+ release from ER without acting at the NMJ

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16
Q

Which of the following neuromuscular blocking drugs blocks release of synaptic vessicles (pre-synaptic effect)?

A. Dantrolene

B. Succinylcholine

C. Botox

D. Pipercuronium

A

C. Botox

Botox:

  • given by local injection
  • blocks release of synaptic vessicles (pre-synaptic effect)
  • No ACh = no contraction = no wrinkles
17
Q

Which of the following is a GABA-A agonist that can help produce skeletal muscle relaxation by increasing inhibition of motor neurons in the spinal cord?

A. Diazepam

B. Baclofen

C. Neostigmine

D. Donepezil

E. Tacrine

A

A. Diazepam

18
Q

Which of the following is a medium acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that is used to treat myasthenia gravis?

A. Diazepam

B. Baclofen

C. Neostigmine

D. Donepezil

E. Tacrine

A

C. Neostigmine

Medium acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitors:

  • Neostigmine (myasthenia gravis)
  • Physostigmine (glaucoma)
  • Donepezil (alzheimer’s)
  • Tacrine (alzheimer’s_
19
Q

Which of the following is a GABA-B agonist that acts mainly in the spinal cord to inhibit motor neuron activation?

A. Diazepam

B. Baclofen

C. Neostigmine

D. Donepezil

E. Edrophonium

A

B. Baclofen

Baclofen:

  • GABA-B agonist
  • G-protein linked receptor (not an ion channel)
  • sometimes used to treat trigeminal neuralgia
  • acts mainly in the spinal cord to inhibit motor neuron activation
20
Q

Which of the following is a short acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat myasthenia gravis?

A. Diazepam

B. Baclofen

C. Neostigmine

D. Donepezil

E. Edrophonium

A

E. Edrophonium

Short acting = Edrophonium (myasthenia gravis)

Medium acting = Neostigmine (masthenia gravis)

21
Q

Which of the following is a medium acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat Alzheimer’s?

A. Diazepam

B. Baclofen

C. Neostigmine

D. Donepezil

E. Edrophonium

A

D. Donepezil

note: Donepezil is the generic name for Aricept

Aricept and Alzheimer’s both start with the letter “A”

22
Q

All of the following are medium acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used to treat Alzheimer’s EXCEPT:

A. Donepezil

B. Tacrine

C. Physostigmine

D. All of the above are used to treat Alzheimer’s

A

C. Physostigmine

Physostigmine: a medium acting acetlycholinesterase inhibitor used to treat glaucoma

23
Q

Which of the following medium acting acetlycholinesterase inhibitors is used to treat glaucoma?

A. Neostigmine

B. Physostigmine

C. Donepezil

D. Tacrine

A

B. Physostigmine

Neostigmine = myasthenia gravis

Physostigmine = glaucoma (phys rhymes with eyes)

Donepezil = Alzheimer’s

Tacrine = Alzheimer’s

24
Q

Which of the following medium acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitors is used to treat Alzheimer’s?

A. Neostigmine

B. Physostigmine

C. Edrophonium

D. Tacrine

A

D. Tacrine

Donepezil and Tacrine are both medium acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used to treat Alzheimer’s

Integrated Biomedical Sciences (13 decks)

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