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Integrated Biomedical Sciences > Pharmacology (Kidneys, Diuretics & Birth Control) > Flashcards

Pharmacology (Kidneys, Diuretics & Birth Control) Flashcards

1
Q

Where is ADH secreted from?

A. Hippocampus

B. Anterior pituitary

C. Posterior pituitary

D. Zona fasiculata of adrenal cortex

E. Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

A

C. Posterior pituitary

Hypothalamus = synthesizes ADH

Posterior pituitary = secretes ADH

Collecting duct = where ADH acts at

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2
Q

Where is aldosterone secreted from?

A. Hippocampus

B. Anterior pituitary

C. Posterior pituitary

D. Zona fasiculata of adrenal cortex

E. Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

A

E. Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

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3
Q

Where is ADH synthesized?

A. Hypothalamus

B. Anterior pituitary

C. Posterior pituitary

D. Zona fasiculata of adrenal cortex

E. Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

A

A. Hypothalamus

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4
Q

Where does ADH act?

A. Blood vessels

B. Proximal tubule

C. Loop of Henle

D. Distal tubule

E. Collecting duct

F. A and E

A

E. Collecting duct

ADH:

  • also known as vasopressin
  • insertion of aquaporins in membrane of collecting duct
  • causes sytemic vasoconstriction
  • increases BP by increasing fluid volume
  • used for cardiogenic shock and diabetes insipidus
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5
Q

Cardiogenic shock can result in hypotension (low BP). ______ causes vasoconstriction, which leads to an increase in BP thus can be treatment for cardiogenic shock.

A

Vasopressin

note: causes systemic vasoconstriction (“Vasopressin”)
* suppresses blood vessels (vaso-pressin)

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6
Q

Vasopressin is used to treat all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

B. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

C. Cardiac shock

D. Gestational diabetes insipidus

A

B. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Vasopressin is used to tx:

  • Cardiac shock
  • neurogenic diabetes insipidus
  • gestational diabetes insipidus
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7
Q

Discuss diabetes insipidus:

  • what does it cause an imbalance of?
  • what symptoms do pts experience?
A

Diabetes Insipidus

  • NOT related to diabetes mellitus
  • causes imbalance of fluids in the body
  • Pts are continuously thirsty causing them to urinate a lot
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8
Q

Which of the following types of diabetes insipidus is characterized by a problem with receptors in the kidney?

A. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

B. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

C. Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus

D. Gestational diabetes insipidus

A

B. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

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9
Q

Which of the following types of diabetes insipidus can be a result of injury to the posterior pituitary?

A. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

B. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

C. Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus

D. Gestational diabetes insipidus

A

A. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

Neurogenic = posterior pituitary

Nephrogenic = kidney

Dipsogenic = hypothalamus

Gestational = pregnancy

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10
Q

Which of the following types of diabetes insipidus may occur during pregnancy?

A. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

B. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

C. Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus

D. Gestational diabetes insipidus

A

D. Gestational diabetes insipidus

Vasopressin is used to treat neurogenic and gestational

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11
Q

Which of the following types of diabetes insipidus is due to a malfunction of the thirst mechanism in the hypothalamus?

A. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

B. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

C. Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus

D. Gestational diabetes insipidus

A
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12
Q

Which of the following is vasopressin used to treat?

A. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

B. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

C. Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus

D. Gestational diabetes insipidus

E. B and D

F. A and D

G. A and C

A

F. A and D

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13
Q

Which of the following is Desmopressin used to treat?

A. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

B. Nocturnal enuresis

C. Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus

D. Nocturia

E. A, B and D

F. All of the above

A

E. A, B and D

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14
Q

_______ is the synthetic analog of vasopressin.

A

Desmopressin

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15
Q

Where is Aldosterone secreted from?

A. Hippocampus

B. Hypothalamus

C. Anterior pituitary

D. Posterior pituitary

E. Adrenal cortex

A

E. Adrenal cortex

note: specifically the Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

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16
Q

Discuss the pathway of Aldosterone:

A

Aldosterone

Summary:

  • Low BP or high K+ signals the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
  • Aldosterone acts on P cells of the collecting duct
  • This causes and increase in Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

  1. Low blood pressure activates the RAS pathway which in turn signals the adrenal cortex to release Aldosterone
  2. High K+ in plasma directly signals the adrenal cortex to release Aldosterone
  3. Adrenal cortex secretes Aldosterone to P cells of the collecting duct
  4. This causes an increase of Na+ reabsorption and an increase of K+ secretion
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17
Q

What part of the nephron does vasopressin and aldosterone act on?

A

Collecting duct

Vasopressin = insertion of aquaporins in the membrane of the collecting duct

Aldosterone = acts on P cells of the collecting duct

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18
Q

How do each of the following effect blood pressure?

  • Vasopressin
  • Aldosterone
A

Vasopressin and Aldosterone INCREASE BP

Vasopressin:

  • causes systemic vasoconstriction = increases BP
  • causes water retention = increasing fluid volume = increases BP

Aldosterone:

  • causes P cells to reabsorb more Na+ = increase in BP
  • causes P cells to secrete more K+ = increase in BP
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19
Q

All of the following antihypertensive drugs work via the RAAS pathway EXCEPT:

A. Alpha1-blockers

B. Diuretics

C. ACE inhibitors

D. Angiotensin II blockers

E. Direct renin inhibitors

F. Beta-blockers

A

A. Alpha1-blockers

Antihypertensive drugs involved in the RAAS pathway:

  • Diuretics
  • ACE inhibitors
  • Angiotensin II blockers
  • Direct renin inhibitors (Aliskiren)
  • Beta-blockers
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20
Q

______ is an antihypertensive drug that is a direct renin inhibitor via the RAAS pathway.

A

Aliskiren

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21
Q

Which of the following inhibits renin release?

A. Diuretics

B. ACE inhibitors

C. Beta-blockers

D. Alpha1-blockers

E. Angiotensin II blockers

A

C. Beta-blockers

22
Q

______ decrease plasma and extracellular fluid volumes which in turn decreases preload, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance.

A

Diuretics

23
Q

What is the overall effect of diuretics on blood pressure?

A

Decreased workload of the heart, which decreases BP

24
Q

Which of the following diuretics work on the distal tubule?

A. Thiazides

B. Loop diuretics

C. K+ sparing diuretics

D. A and C

E. All of the above

A

D. A and C

Loop diuretics = Ascending loop of henle

25
Q

All of the following diuretics work at the distal tubule on the Na+/Cl- cotransporter (NCC) EXCEPT:

A. Hydrochlorothiazide

B. Chlorthalidone

C. Furosemide

D. Chlorothiazide

A

C. Furosemide

“Thiazides” = NCC

Loop diuretics = NKCC

26
Q

All of the following can be caused by benzothiadiazides (thiazides) EXCEPT:

A. Hyperkalemia

B. Hyponatremia

C. Hypokalemia

D. Reduced Ca2+ excretion

E. Increased plasma uric acid

A

A. Hyperkalemia

“Thiazides” are NOT K+ sparing

27
Q

All of the following diuretics work in the ascending loop of henle to block the Na+/K+/2Cl- (NKCC) transporter from reabsorbing ions from the tubule EXCEPT:

A. Furosemide

B. Torsemide

C. Chlorthalidone

D. Bumetanide

A

C. Chlorthalidone

Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone = NCC (Na/Cl cotransporter)

Furosemide, Bumetanide, Torsemide = NKCC (Na/K/2Cl transporter)

28
Q

Which of the following are K+-sparing diuretics?

A. Furosemide

B. Torsemide

C. Chlorthalidone

D. Bumetanide

E. Amiloride

A

E. Amiloride

K+-sparing = Amiloride and Triamterene

29
Q

Which of the following are K+-sparing diuretics?

A. Furosemide

B. Torsemide

C. Triamterene

D. Bumetanide

A

C. Triamterene

30
Q

Which of the following block aldosterone regulated effects in the late distal tubule/early collecting duct?

A. Torsemide

B. Amiloride

C. Hydrochlorothiazide

D. Furosemide

A

B. Amiloride

K+-sparing diuretics: block aldosterone

  • blocks Na+ reabsorption and increase K+ reabsorption
31
Q

K+-sparing diuretics can cause which of the following?

A. Hyperkalemia

B. Hyponatremia

C. Hypokalemia

D. Reduced Ca2+ excretion

A

A. Hyperkalemia

32
Q

Which of the following diuretics is similar to K+-sparing diuretics but are true antagonist of the aldosterone receptor?

A. Spironolactone

B. Triamterene

C. Furosemide

D. Hydrochlorothiazide

A

A. Spironolactone

Eplerenone is also similar to K+-sparing diuretics and is another true antagonist of the aldosterone receptor

33
Q

Which of the following diuretics is similar to K+-sparing diuretics but are true antagonist of the aldosterone receptor?

A. Chlorthalidone

B. Triamterene

C. Furosemide

D. Hydrochlorothiazide

E. Eplerenone

A

E. Eplerenone

34
Q

______ combined with diuretics may result in decreased diuretic activity, ultimately increasing blood pressure.

A

NSAIDs

35
Q

Careful when prescribing NSAIDs for a patient on diuretics because it can cause blood pressure to _____.

A. Increase

B. Decrease

A

A. Increase

36
Q

All of the following are used for post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy EXCEPT:

A. Estradiol (Estrace)

B. Norethindrone (Aygestin)

C. Premarin

D. Estropipate (Ogen)

A

B. Norethindrone (Aygestin)

Medroxyprogesterone (Provera), and Norethindrone (Aygestin) are used to deminish the side effects of estrogen therapies

37
Q

All of the following oral contraceptives are a combination of estrogen and progestin EXCEPT:

A. Loestrin

B. Ovocon

C. Orvette

D. Levora

E. Nordette

A

C. Orvette

“LOL Nordette”

Combination of estrogen and progestin:

  • Loestrin
  • Ovocon
  • Levora
  • Nordette

“Minipill” (progestin ONLY):

  • Micronor
  • Nor-Q.D.
  • Orvette
38
Q

All of the following oral contraceptives contain progestin ONLY (“micropill”) EXCEPT:

A. Micronor

B. Nor-Q.D.

C. Orvette

D. Levora

A

D. Levora

“minipill” = “Micro, Nor, Or”

  • Micronor
  • Nor-Q.D.
  • Orvette

note: if you just remember Micronor you can remember 2 of them. Micronor and Nor-Q.D. because Micronor has both in its name alone.

39
Q

Which of the following is and emergency contraceptive known as Plan B?

A. Micronor

B. Levnorgestrel

C. Orvette

D. Levora

E. Loestrin

A

B. Levnorgestrel

Plan B (Levnorgestrel) side effect is an increased risk of thromboembolism

40
Q

Which of the following is a uterine stimulant that stimulate uterine smooth muscle contraction?

A. Oxytocin

B. Ergonovine

C. Terbutaline

D. Ritodrine

E. A and B

F. C and D

A

E. A and B

Oxytocin and Ergonovine induce labor

41
Q

Which of the following is a uterine relaxant that is a Beta2 adrenergic receptor agonist? (delays labor)

A. Oxytocin

B. Ergonovine

C. Terbutaline

D. Ritodrine

E. A and B

F. C and D

A

F. C and D

Uterine Relaxants:

  • Uterine relaxants are called “Tocolytics”
  • Inhibit uterine smooth muscle contraction
  • Delay labor
  • Beta2 adrenergic receptor agonist
  • Terbualine and Ritodrine
42
Q

Which of the following are also known as “Tocolytics”?

A. Oxytocin

B. Ergonovine

C. Terbutaline

D. Ritodrine

E. A and B

F. C and D

A

F. C and D

“Oxytocics” = Oxytocin and Ergonovine

“Tocolytics” = Terbutaline and Ritodrine

43
Q

Which of the following are also known as “Oxytocics”?

A. Ritodrine

B. Terbutaline

C. Ergonovine

D. Oxytocin

E. A and B

F. C and D

A

F. C and D

44
Q

Which of the following is an infertility agent that promotes maturation of ovarian follicles?

A. Ritodrine

B. Clomiphene

C. Ergonovine

D. Oxytocin

A

B. Clomiphene

Infertility agents = Clomiphene and Urofollitropin

45
Q

Which of the following is an infertility agent that promotes maturation of ovarian follicles?

A. Urofollitropin

B. Levnorgestrel

C. Ergonovine

D. Oxytocin

E. Levora

A

A. Urofollitropin

Infertility agents = Clomiphene and Urofollitropin

46
Q

Which of the following is a male reproductive agent used for testosterone replacement?

A. Urofollitropin

B. Levnorgestrel

C. Ergonovine

D. Fluoxymesterone

E. Levora

A

D. Fluoxymesterone

Testosterone replacement drugs = Methyltestosterone and Fluoxymesterone

47
Q

Which of the following is a male reproductive agent used for testosterone replacement?

A. Methyltestosterone

B. Levnorgestrel

C. Ergonovine

D. Finasteride

E. Levora

A

A. Methyltestosterone

48
Q

Which of the following is a male reproductive agent used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)?

A. Methyltestosterone

B. Sildenafil

C. Ergonovine

D. Finasteride

E. Levora

A

D. Finasteride

note: benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is a condition where the prostate is enlarged. Finasteride inhibits 5-alpha-reductase, the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone

49
Q

Which of the following is a male reproductive agent used to treat erectile dysfunction?

A. Methyltestosterone

B. Sildenafil

C. Ergonovine

D. Finasteride

E. Levora

A

B. Sildenafil

Sildenafil and Tadalafil are both used for erectile dysfunction (they fil the dick up)

50
Q

Which of the following is a male reproductive agent used to treat erectile dysfunction?

A. Methyltestosterone

B. Tadalafil

C. Ergonovine

D. Finasteride

E. Levora

A

B. Tadalafil

Tadaaa!!!! your dick is working

Integrated Biomedical Sciences (13 decks)

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