Pharmacology Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
Examples of Nutraceuticals
A
Glucosamine Chondroitin Sulfate, Vitamins, Fatty acids
2
Q
Examples of biologics?
A
Vaccines, Antitoxins
3
Q
What is included in the regimen?
A
Route, dosage, frequency, and duration
4
Q
Agency that regulates drugs and feed additives?
A
FDA
5
Q
Agency that regulates topical pesticides
A
EPA
6
Q
Agency that regulates biologics
A
USDA
7
Q
What are the 5 Rights?
A
Right Drug
Right Time
Right Route
Right Amount
Right Patient
8
Q
Four steps to pharmacokinetics
A
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
9
Q
Study of what the body does to a drug?
A
Pharmacokinetics
10
Q
Study of what a drug does to a body?
A
Pharacodynamics
11
Q
Biotransformation is also known as:
A
Metabolism
12
Q
Main organ responsible for metabolism of drugs
A
Liver
13
Q
Main organ for excretion?
A
Kidneys
14
Q
Formula for the therapeutic index
A
LD50/LE50
15
Q
Examples of Controlled Class I drugs
A
LSD, Marijuana, Heroine, Quaaludes, Ecstasy, Cocaine
16
Q
Examples of Controlled Class II drugs
A
Morphine, Opiates, Pentobarbital, Fentanyl, Codeine
17
Q
Examples of Controlled Class III Drugs
A
Zolazepam, Ketamine, Buprenorphine, Hydrocodone, ePethotahl, Teletamine, Anabolic steroids
18
Q
Examples of Controlled Class IV Drugs
A
Butorphanol, Diazepam (Valium), Phenobarbital
19
Q
Examples of Controlled Class V drugs
A
Anti-diarrheals, Analgesics, Cough supressants
20
Q
Ability of a solution to initiate water movement
A
Tonicity
21
Q
pH of < 7.2 indicates
A
Acidosis
22
Q
pH > 7.6 indicates
A
Alkalosis
23
Q
Common causes of acidosis
A
Ethylene glycol ingestion, salicylate ingestion, renal disease, diabetes mellitus, shock
24
Q
Common causes of alkalosis
A
Emesis, alkaline drugs, hypoalbuminemia
25
5-6% dehydration
Slight loss of skin elasticity
26
6-8% dehydration
Tented skin, prolonged CRT, dry MM
27
10-12% dehydration
\>3 sec CRT
Eyes sunken
Shock symptoms
28
12-15% dehydration
Severe shock, death
29
Fluid additive for metabloic acidosis, hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia
Sodium bicarbonate
30
Fluid additive for hypokalemia
Potassium Chloride
31
Fluid additive for ketosis and hypoglycemia
Dextrose 50%
32
Fluid additive to replenish vitamins lost due to polyuria
B vitamins
33
Fluid additives for hypocalcemia, grass tetany, parathyroid disorder
Calcium Gluconate/Chloride
34
Formula for dilutions
C1 x V1 = C2 x V2
35
Quantity of a drug adminstered that reaches the general circulation
Bioavailability
36
Passage by diffusion from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Passive Transport
37
DIffusion occurs until it reaches a _____ and can enter the circulation
capillary
38
Passage from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
Active Transport
39
Mode through which electrolytes are transported
Active transport
40
In more alkaline environment (increased pH) acidic drugs are ______ absorbed while alkaline drugs are ______ absorbed
Acidic drugs poorly absorbed
Alkaline drugs are better absorbed
41
In more acidic environment (decreased pH) acidic drugs are ____ absorbed while alkaline drugs are ____ absorbed.
Acidic drugs are better absorbed
Alkaline drugs are poorly absorbed
42
Examples of tissue barriers
Blood-Brain barrier
Ocular barrier
Placental barrier
43
When dosing drugs, the patient's ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ level must be considered
plasma protein
44
A drug that has a high affinity and efficacy and causes a specific action
Agonist
45
A drug that has less affinity and efficacy
Partial agonist
46
A drug that blocks another drug from combining with a receptor
Antagonist
47
Raises drug concentration to a therapeutic range in a short time
Loading dose
48
Periodic smaller dose to maintain therapeutic range
Maintenance dose
49
Defines the toxicity of the drug
Therapeutic index
50
Plasmid mechanism
Acquisition of an additional piece of DNA from another bacteria
51
Mutation mechanism
Spontaneous change in DNA
52
Renders the drug useless
Enzyme action
53
Medications that work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
54
Cell wall synthesis is associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_
peptidoglycan
55
Medications that work by inhibiting protein synthesis
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Lincosamides
Chloramphenicol
Florfenicol
56
Protein synthesis is associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Ribosomes
57
Medications that work by damaging the cell membrane (osmosis)
Polymyxin-B
58
Medications that work by interfering with the metabolism (folic acid)
Sulfonamides
59
Medications that work by impairing nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)
Fluoroquinolones
60
Penicillin deactivated by gastric enzymes
Penicillin G
61
Penicillins bioavailability decrease in the presence of \_\_\_\_
Food
62
What species can NOT be given penicillins?
Guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, snakes, birds, turtles, chinchillas
63
These pills must be kept in foil until ready to use or they will lose activity
Clavamox (Amoxi with clavulanic acid)
64
Penicillin used for pyodermas
Oxacillin
65
Penicillins used to treat staph and pyodermas
Dicloxacillin
66
Penicillin used for dry cow intramammary preparations
Cloxacillin
67
Medications that are 'milky' should NEVER be given via \_\_\_\_
IV injectable
\*Except Propofol
68
Drugs used to treat shipping fever, respiratory infections, mastitis, foot rot
Cephalosporins
69
Tetracyclines inhibit _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ and are \_\_\_\_\_\_
inhibit protien synthesis and are bacteriostatic
70
Drugs that treat for rickettsial diseases (RMSF, lyme disease, Ehrlichiosis)
Tetracyclines
71
Drugs that should never be given IV to horses (unless intentionally euthanizing)
Tetracyclines
72
Drugs that disrupt DNA function and are bactericidal
Fluoroquinolones and Quinolones
73
Known as the "big gun" antibiotics, and can be given to pocket pets
Enrofloxacin
74
Drugs that can cause damage to joint cartilage of growing animals
Enrofloxacin
75
Drugs that prevent synthesis of folic acid
Sulfonamides
76
3 types of sulfonamides
Systemic sulfas
Enteric sulfas
Potentiated sulfas
77
Drugs commonly used to treat coccidiosis, toxoplasmosis, shipping fever
Sulfonamides
78
Drugs that cause toxicity in cats from salicylates
Sulfonamides
79
Drugs that can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity
Aminoglycosides
80
Drugs that inhibit protein synthesis and are bactericidal
Aminoglycosides
81
Parenteral aminoglycosides
Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Amikacin
82
Enteric Aminoglycosides
Neomycin (Neomix powder)
83
Topical Aminoglycosides
Neomycin (triple antibiotic, panalog)
84
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is very important when giving parenteral aminoglycosides
Fluid therapy
85
Drugs that inhibit protein synthsis and are bacteriostatic OR bactericidal
Lincosamides
86
Contraindications for lincosamides
Rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, avians, horses, ruminants
87
Drugs that inhibit protein synthesis and are bacteriostatic
Macrolides
88
Used for cattle with shipping fever or respiratory disease, but can not be given to dairy cows \>20 months old. Given IM only
Florfenicol (Nuflor)
89
Injectable that damages the cell membrane and is often combined with other drugs in ointments
Polymyxin B
90
Treats Rhodococcus equi pneumonia and staph infections in small animals. Side effects include turning urine, salive, tears orange
Rifampin
91
Polyene antifungal agents affect the cell membrane and include _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Nystatin (fungal sprays), Amphotericin B (systemic)
92
Imadazole antifungal agents affect cell membrane and growth inhibition and include \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Ketaconazole, Miconazole, Itraconazole, Fluconazole
93
Anti-metabolic antifungal agents that affect RNA and proteins
Flucytosine
94
Superficial antifungal agents that inhibit cell division
Griseofulvin
95
Treatment for dermatophytosis
Griseofulvin
96
Dosage form of Griseofulvin that can not be given to pregnant animals
Fulvicin
97
The ultramicrosize dose of Fulvicin is ____ of the dose of microsize
1/4th
98
Fulvicin must be given with a ____ \_\_\_\_\_ for proper absorption
fatty meal
99
Enilconazole is used for what?
Topical dermatophyte infections
100
Teribnafine hydrochloride is used to treat...
Dermatophytes in dogs, cats, birds, and exotics
101
Potassium iodide is used to treat....
fungal granulatomatous disease
102
Ketaconazole, Miconazole and Itraconazole are commonly used to treat...
Malessezia pachydermatitis, systemic fungal infections, and dermatophytosis
103
Contraindications of imidazoles
Breeding males and Addison's disease
104
Most recent imidazole on the market
Itraconazole
105
Used to treat systemic fungal infections and dermatophytosis, contraindicated in pregnant animals
Fluconazole
106
New drug on the market that treat secondary fungal infections
Posaconazole
107
Treats systemic fungal infections and dermatophytosis but can cause CNS issues in cates
Vorioconazole
108
Antifungal that can be fungistatic or fungicidal, can be given IV mixed in 5% dextrose
Ampthotericin B
109
Antifungal that may be fungistatic or fungicidal, often combined with other drugs and used to treat fungal and yeat infections
Nystatin
110
Used to treat cryptococcal infections, but blood work must be closely monitored
Flucytosine
111
Used to treat birds with Pacheco's disease or cats with herpes virus infection of the eye
Acyclovir
112
Used to treat FeLV and FIV disease in cats, and K9 parvo virus
Interferon Alfa-2A
113
Powder, paste, gel used to treat feline herpes virus
Lysine
114
Only approved treatment in US for FeLV/FIV
LTCI (Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator)
115
Most commonly seen ailments in veterinary medicine
Skin conditions
116
Skin condition characterized by abnormal flaking or scaling of the epidermis
Seborrhea
117
Seborrhea accompanied by increased production of sebum
Seborrhea Oleosa
118
Seborrhea without increased production of sebum
Seborrhea sica
119
Promotes loosening of epidermis
Keratolytics
120
Promotes normal keratin development
Keratoplastics
121
Found in shampoos, safe for cats, and used for seborrhea sica
Sulfur anti-seborrhea
122
Found in shampoos, safe to use on cats, and non irritating and non-staining, often combined with sulfur to treat seborrhea sicca
Salicylic acid
123
Used to treat seborrhea sicca, but may stain and is toxic in cats
Coal tar
124
Safe for cats, treats seborrhea oleosa, hot spots, Schnauzer comedo syndrome, but is hypersensitive in humans
Benzoyle Peroxides
125
Used to treat seborrhea and eczema but is toxic to cats
Selenium Sulfide
126
Used in the treatment of priuritus, atopic dermatitis, and seborrhea
Phytosphingosine
127
Topical corticosteroids used to treat pruritis, hot spots, allergic dermatitis
Betamethasone, Fluocinolone, Hydrocortisone, Triamcinolone, Isoflupredoneacetate
128
Bezocaine, Lidocaine, Tetracaine and Pramoxine HCL are all \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Topical anesthetics
129
Agents that constrict tissues
Astringents
130
Antistringent drugs
Acetic or boric acid, salicyclic acid
131
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ inhibit the growth of bacteria and are found in many dermatologic preparations
Antiseptics
132
Dosage forms of antiseptics
Chlorohexadine, Iodine, Triclosan, Acetic acid, Benzalkonium Chloride
133
Increases blood supply, brings oxygen, WBC's, antibodies, etc to promote healing
Counterirritants
134
Camphor, phenol, menthol are contraindicated in \_\_\_\_
cats
135
Used to destroy proud flesh, superficial tumors, or horn buds in calves
Caustics
136
Examples of caustics
Copper sulfate, silver nitrate
137
Treats pseudomonas skin infections and 2nd and 3rd degree burns
SIlver sulfadiazene
138
Third generation cephalosporin antibiotic used for bacterial skin infections
Cefovecin (Convenia)
139
Mimics dogs natural immune system, target IL31 pathway to stop itching/scratching reflex
Cytopoint (CADI) Zoetis
140
Fatty acid supplements
Omega 3 and Omega 6
141
Nervous system that controls unconcious activities (HR, secretion, pupil size, GI activity)
Autonomic nervous system
142
Two subdivisions of the autonomic system
Sympathetic (Adrenergic) and Parasympathetic (Cholinergic)
143
Model drug of symphathetic (adrengeric) system
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
144
Regulates energy expending activities, responsible for "Fight or flight"
Adrenergic/Sympathetic
145
Regulates energy conserving activities, responsible for rest and restore
Parasympathetic (Cholinergic)
146
Model drug of parasympathetic system
Acetylcholine
147
Dilates pupils, increases HR, RR, glucose levels
Sympathetic Nervous system
148
Constricts pupils, decreases HR, RR
Parasympathetic Nervous system
149
Receptor type that constricts blood vessels in skin, kidney, GI tract, and decreases intestinal motility, dilates pupils
Alpha 1
150
Receptor that constricts muscles and decreases insuline secretion
Alpha 2
151
Receptor that increases HR and conduction
Beta 1
152
Receptor that dilates veins/arteries
Beta 2
153
Receptor that dilates veins in heart, kidney, GI tract
Dopaminergic
154
Commonly used for cardiac arrest, anaphylactic shock, decrease bleeding
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
155
Routes of admin for epinephrine
IV, IM, IC, IT, SQ
156
Sedative/Analgesic that affects alpha 2 receptors that causes vomiting in 90% cats and 50% dogs
Xylazine (Rompun)
157
Used to treat urinary incontinence secondary to weak urethral sphincter, can cause restlessness and irritability
PPA (Phenylpropanolamine)
158
Block activity of the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenergic blocking agents
159
Reversal agents that decrease cardiac output and rate, responsible for vasodilation and decrease blood pressure
Alpha blockers
160
Reversal agents for xylazine and medetomidine
Yohimbine and Atipamezole (Antisedan)
161
Decrease heart rate and blood pressure
Beta blockers
162
Examples of beta blockers
Propanolol and Timolol
163
Side effects associated with adrenergic blocking agents
Hypotension, bradycardia, tachycarida, vomiting
164
Used to stimulate GI motility, daiagnose myasthenia gravis, and reduce intraocular pressure by binding to receptors or inhibiting the breakdown of acytelcholine
Cholinergic agents (Parasympathetic actions)
165
Dosage forms of cholinergic agents
Direct and indirect
166
Pilocarpine and Metoclopramide are both _____ Acting cholinergics
Direct acting
167
Edrophonium, organophosphate insecticides and bethanechol are all ______ acting cholinergics
Indirect acting
168
Block activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, increase HR, RR, decrease salivation and GI motility
Cholinergic blocking agents
169
Dosage forms of anticholinergics (cholinergic blocking agents)
Atropine and Glycopyrrolate
170
Preanesthetic used to dry resp. secretions and prevent bradycardia, dilates pupils for eye exams/treatment
Atropine
171
Used like atropine but is longer lasting and has fewer side effects
Glycopyrrolate
172
Generalized seizure, involves entire body; spastic msucle contractions, paddling, leg extension, urination/defication
Grand mal
173
Seizure that involves a limited area, such as one limb
Focal or petit mal
174
Typically used to describe seizures which are prolonged
Status epillepticus
175
Hypoglycemia, hypoxia, hypocalcemia, neoplasia, toxicity with lead are all possibe causes of \_\_\_\_
seizures
176
Phase of seizure before it begins (pacing, anxiety, panting, etc)
Pre-Ictal phase
177
Seizure phase, varies in length
Ictal phase
178
Period after a seizure that can last seconds to hours
Post ictal
179
Drug of choice for emergency treatment of seizures
Valium (Diazepam)
180
Diazepam is a controlled class ___ drug that is often the first choice to stop seizures
Class IV
181
\_\_\_\_ ____ Diazepam is used occasionally if patients are not responding to other treatments
Intra-rectal
182
Diazepam should not be used chonrically to treat seizures as it can result in ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_
Liver disease (Also a contraindication of diazepam)
183
Class 2 drug used when Valium is not working, aslo an anesthetic drug
Pentobarbital
184
Drug of choice for long term control of seizures, has a long half life and is a barbituate anesthetic
Phenobarbital
185
Phenobarb is a class ___ drug that generally needs to be given for life and is contraindicated in patients with ____ diseases and not be given with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Class IV, contraindicated in liver disease and not to be given with chloramphenicol
186
Phenobarb dose is measured in \_\_\_\_
grains
187
Animals being given _____ tend to be very PU/PD and polyphagic!
Phenobarb
188
Drug that can be used with phenobarb to control seizures , but has no labeled use for any species in the US
Potassium bromide
189
Full blood work must be done when adminstered _____ \_\_\_\_\_ as it causes electrolyte imbalances and takes 4 months to reach steady blood level (low therapeutic index, long half life)
Potassium Bromide
190
Anticonvulsive not often given anymore as it causes significant side effects
Primidone
191
Anticonvulsive not often used anymore due to unreliable blood vessels and must be given TID
Phentoin Sodium (Dilantin)
192
Used when phenobarb doesnt work but must be given TID, although it can be used in liver disease patients
Keppra (levetiracetam)
193
Used primarily to stimulate respiration or to reverse CNS depression caused by anesthetics
CNS stimulants
194
Usually used a respiratory stimulant espeically in new borns after a C-section, anesthetized patients, cardiopulmonary arrest
Doxapram (Dopram V)
195
Can be given IV or under the tongue or in umbilical veins of newborns
Doxapram
196
Drug class that includes caffeines, theobromine, aminophylline and theophylline
Methyxanthines
197
Active ingredient in chocolate
Theobromine
198
Amount of milk chocolate that causes toxicity
90 mg/kg
199
How much theobromine is found in unsweetened chocolate
390 mg per ounce
200
Neurotransmitter that effects motion, movement, emotion
Dopamine
201
Neurotransmitter for emotions
Nerepinephrine
202
Neurotransmitter for moods, sleep cycle, and appetite
Serotonin
203
Neurotransmitter for brain, pain
GABA (Gamma aminobutyric acid)
204
Neurotransmitter for organs/muscles
Acetylchloline
205
Neurotransmitter for antistress
Endorphines
206
Prevent uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin increasing their activity, used to treat anxieties and as sedatives
Tricyclic antidepressants
207
Amitriptyline, Imipramine, Clomipramine are all dosage forms of ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Tricyclic antidepressants
208
Used to treat separation anxiety in dogs
Clomipramine
209
Used in instances of compulsive disorders, phobias, self mutilation, dominance aggression, separation anxiety
Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors
210
Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Paroxetine are all dosage forms of ____ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors
211
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is broken down by monamine oxidase
Dopamine
212
Used in cognitive dysfunction and Cushing's disease
Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
213
Used to treat pituitary dependent Cushing's disease and although not very successful, also cognitive dysfuntion
Selegiline (Anipryl, or L Depenryl)
214
Causes CNS depression resulting in sedation
215
Promote the inhibitor neurotransmitter GABA in the brain
Benzodiazepines
216
Diazepam, Alprazolam (Xanax), Lorazepam are all \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Bendodiazepines
217
Azopirones are behavior modifiers and serotonin blockers used to treat ____ \_\_\_\_\_
urine spraying
218
Example of an Azopirone
Buspirone Hydrochloride (BuSpar)
219
Drugs that function as dopamine antagonists
Phenothiazines
220
Acepromazine, Chlorpromazine, Prochlorperazine are examples of \_\_\_\_\_\_
Phenothiazines
221
Phenothiazines commonly used for sedation that reduce seizer threshold
Acepromzine
222
Side effects from this drug include "ace face", ataxia, transient to permanent penil prolapse in horses, and contraindicated in boxers and sight hounds
Acepromazine
223
Main compnent of most euthansia agents
Pentobarbital sodium
224
Pentobarbital sodium are class __ or class __ substances
Class II or class III
225
Anticholinergics, Inotropes, Vasopressors, and Catecholamine agents are emergency drugs that function as ____ \_\_\_\_
Cardiac Stimulants
226
Used for cardiac antiarrhythmias
Lidocaine
227
Respiratory stimulant emergency drug
Dopram
228
Emergency drug for diuretic (thoracic organ edema)
Lascix
229
Emergency drug: Hypnotic anesthetic agent
Propofol
230
Dexamethasone, Diphenhydramine, Dopamine, Prednisolone sodium succinate/Acetate are all emergency drugs used to treat \_\_\_
Shock
231
Emergency drug commonly used for antiarrythmia
Amiodarone
232
Emergency drug used to increase HR
Atropine
233
Emergency drugs used to treat hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia
Calcium chloride or gluconate
234
Emergency drug used as anticonvulsant
Diazepam
235
Emergency drug used for anaphylaxis
Diphenhydramine
236
Emergency drug used for respiratory stimulation
Doxapram HCl
237
Emergency drug used for cardiac resuscitation, stored in fridge
Epinephrine
238
Emergency drug used for bradycardia
Glycopyrrolate
239
Emergency drug used for DIC
Heparin sodium
240
Emergency drug used as antiarrthymic + local
Lidocaine
241
Emergency drug used as antiseizer, antiarrthymia
Magnesium chloride
242
Emergency drug used in HBC trauma, decreases intraocular pressure, used in ascites/edema
Mannitol
243
Emergency drug used to stimulate uterine contractions
Oxytocin
244
Emergency drugs used for metabolic acidosis, and increased Ca/K
Sodium Bicarbonate
245
Emergency drug used for antidiuretic horome, raises blood pressure
Vasopressin
246
Liquefy secretions so that they can be more easily eliminated
Expectorants
247
Common expectorant used for equine general anesthesia
Guaifenesin
248
Decreases the viscosity of mucous by altering chemical composition
Mucolytics
249
Mucolytic used IV for treatment of acetaminophen toxicity
Acetylcysteine
250
Supress cough by depressing the cough center of the brain
Antitussive
251
Most common narcotic antitussive, schedule IV narcotic
Butorphanol
252
When using Butorphanol the ____ dose is much higher than the ____ dose
Oral dose higher than injectable
253
Class III narcotic antitussive used for harsh, non productive coughs
Hydrocodone
254
Narcotic antitussive often in combination products, when by themselves are class II
Codeine
255
Codeine with aspirin/acetaminophen are class \_\_\_
Class III
256
Codeine syrups are class ___ or class \_\_\_
III or IV
257
Dextromethorphan and Trimeprazine are both ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_
Non-Narcotic Antitussives
258
Chemically similar to Codeine, OTC drug that may contain acetaminophen (Non-Narcotic antitussive)
Dextromethorphan
259
Antitussive and Antipruritic drug usually combined with corticosteroids
Trimeprazine
260
Occurs due to release of acetylcholine, histamine and Beta2 adrenergic blockade
Bronchoconstriction
261
Clenbuterol, Epinephrine, Terbutaline and Albuterol are all examples of ___ \_\_\_\_ agonists
Beta 2 Adrenergic agonists
262
Beta-2 Adrenergic agonist used for treatment of chronic resp conditons such as COPD in horses, use banned in food animals
Clenbuterol
263
Popular drug used in show animals as a repartioning agent
Clenbuterol
264
Beta-2 Adrenergic agonist used to treat long term asthma
Terbutaline
265
Bronchodilator used to relax smooth muscle by inhibiting an enzyme which promotes bronchoconstriction
Methylxanthines
266
Aminophylline and Theophilline are both \_\_\_\_\_\_
Methylxanthines
267
Used for treatment of CHF, chronic resp conditions, and long term treatment of asthma
Theophylline
268
Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine are both ____ \_\_\_\_
Oral decongestants
269
Phenylephrine is the ___ \_\_\_ form of decongestants
Nose drop
270
Cause bronchodilation and prevent and treat allergic reactions
Antihistamines
271
Antihistamine used to treat heaves in horses
Diphenhydramine
272
Chlorpheneramine, Hydroxyzine, Fexofenadine and Clemastine are all examples of \_\_\_\_\_\_
Antihistamines
273
Cardivascular drugs used to decrease resistance to blood flow and decrease overfilling
Diuretics, Vasodilators
274
Cardiovascular drugs that increase strength of contraction
Postive Iontropic drugs
275
Cardiovascular drugs that increase urine production and decrease fluid retention
Diuretics
276
Loop diuretics inhibit __ absoprtion
Na+
277
Furosemide is a ___ \_\_\_
Loop diuretic
278
Diuretic commonly used to treat EIPH in horses
Furosemide (Lasix)
279
Mannitol is a ___ \_\_\_
Osmotic diuretic
280
Chlorthiazide is a ___ \_\_\_
Thiazide diuretic
281
Spironolactone is a ___ \_\_\_ \_\_\_\_
Potassium Sparing Diuretic
282
Dichlorphenamide, used to treat glaucoma is a ____ \_\_\_\_ ____ diuretic
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
283
Digoxin is a ____ \_\_\_\_ drug
Postive Iontropic
284
Postive iontropic drug used to treat atrial fibrillation and supraventricular tachycardia
Digoxin
285
Postive iontropic drug used primarily for cardiac resuscitation
Epinephrine
286
Used to treat heart failure and in advanced cardiac resuscitation, often given via infusion
Dopamine and Dobutamine
287
Model vasodilator
Enalapril
288
Prevents conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
ACE inhibitor (angiotensin converting inhibitor)
289
Enalapril is used to treat ____ and \_\_\_\_
Heart failure and hypertension
290
Common side effects of Enalapril
Hypotension, V/D
291
Nitroglycerin is a \_\_\_\_\_\_
Venodilator
292
Vasodilator used to treat heart failure in small animals and laminitis in horses
Nitroglycerine
293
Hydralazine is an ______ \_\_\_\_
Arteriole dilator
294
Used to reduce afterload associated with CHF
Hydralazine
295
Class of antiarrythmics that are used to treat arterial and ventriular arrythmias
Class IA
296
Quinidine and Procainamide are both class ____ antiarrythmics
Class IA
297
Class IA antiarrythmic used to treat PCV (Premature ventricular contractions) and ventricular tachycardia (some atrial tachycardias as well)
Procainamide
298
Class of antiarrythmic drugs used for membrane stabilization, and to treat ventricular arrythmias
Class IB
299
Tocainide and Lidocaine are both class ___ antiarrythmias
Class IB
300
Lidocaine is used to control _____ arrythmias and \_\_\_\_\_
Ventricular arrythmias and PCV's
301
What are the dosage forms of lidocaine?
1% solution
2% solution (use with caution)
Tpical spray
302
Drug often used with epinephrine as a local anesthetic
Lidocaine
303
Drug given IV bolus to stop life threatening ventricular arrythmias or as an IV drip
Lidocaine
304
Lidocaine with epinephrine combined can not be given ___ and why?
IV, can kill pets with heart problems
305
How is a drip prepared for lidocaine?
Remove 50 cc from 1L bag LRS, add 50 cc 2% lidocaine and give 30 cc/lb/day
306
Class of antiarrythmics seldomly used in veterinary medicine
Class IC
307
Beta-Adrenergic blockers are class ___ antiarrythmics
Class II
308
Beta Adrenergic blockers improve _____ efficiency by increasing adrenergic receptors
cardiac efficiency
309
Atenolol and propanolol are both \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Beta 2 Adrenergic blockers - Class II
310
Propanolol blocks both ____ 1 and ____ 2 receptors
Beta 1 and Beta 2
311
Propanolol _____ heart rate, BP and cardiac output
Decreases
312
Propanolol can be used for cardiomyopathy, arrythmias and _______ and ______ in cats
Hyperthyroidism and hypertension
313
Side effects of Propanolol
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Worsening of heart failure
314
Bretylium and Amiodarone are both class ___ antiarrythmics
Class III
315
Class III drugs not commonly used in veterinary medicine
Bretylium and Amiodarone
316
Calcium channel blockers are class \_\_\_
Class IV
317
Calcium channel blockers allow calcium to enter the _____ causing muscle contraction
Myocardial cell
318
Verapamil and Dilitzem are both \_\_\_\_\_\_
Calcium channel blockers
319
Drugs used orally to treat supraventricular tachycardia, hypertropic cardiomyopathy in cats
Verampil and Diltiazem
| (Calcium Channel Blockers - class IV)
320
