Antimicrobials Flashcards
1
Q
Aminoglycosides suffix
A
“___mycin”
2
Q
Aminoglycoside action
A
Inhibit protein synthesis
Bactericidal
3
Q
What spectrum do aminoglycosides cover?
A
Broad spectrum
Highly effective against aerobic bacteria
4
Q
Adverse side effects of aminoglycosides
A
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
5
Q
Contraindications of aminoglycosides
A
Kidney disease
6
Q
Aminoglycosides achieve high concentrations in _____ and ______ ____ by active transport
A
kidneys and inner ears
7
Q
Aminoglycosides are well distributed to _____ _____
A
Bronchial secretions
8
Q
Aminoglycosides are filtered in _______
A
kidneys
9
Q
In animals with impaired kidney function, aminoglycoside elimination is _______ and half is is ______
A
slowed, increased
10
Q
What are the dosage forms of parenteral aminoglycosides?
A
Gentamicin (Gentocin)
Kanamycin (Kantrim)
Amikacin (Amiglyde-V injection)
11
Q
What are the dosage forms of enteric aminoglycosides?
A
Neomycin
*Only oral aminoglycoside*
12
Q
What are the dosage forms of topical aminoglycosides?
A
Neomycin
13
Q
Side effects of aminoglycosides are increased when used with ___________ therapy.
A
Furosemide therapy
14
Q
__________ therapy is very important when giving parenteral aminoglycosides
A
Fluid therapy
15
Q
Lincosamide suffix
A
“______mycin”
16
Q
How do lincosamides work?
A
Inhibit protein synthesis
Can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal
17
Q
What spectrum do lincosamides cover?
A
Gram - and +
Clindamycin- anaerobes
18
Q
What are some clinical uses of Lincosamides?
A
Upper respiratory tract infections
Skin infections
Mastitis
Dental and bone infections
Pyoderma
Abcesses
Toxoplasmosis
19
Q
What are the dosage forms of Lincosamides?
A
Oral/Feed additive
20
Q
What are some adverse side effects of Lincosamides?
A
V/D
Life threatening GI effects in pocket pets, horses, and ruminants
21
Q
What are the contraindications of Lincosamides?
A
Rabbits, hampsters, guinea pigs
Avians used for laying or food
Horses
Ruminants
Allergies
22
Q
How do Macrolides work?
A
Inhibit protein synthesis
Bacteriostatic protein synthesis
23
Q
What spectrum do Macrolides cover?
A
Generally narrow spectrum
Effective against gram + and gram -
24
Q
Clinical uses for Macrolides?
A
URI’s
Mastitis/Metritis in cattle
Foot rot
Bovine respiratory disease
GI and resp. disease in pigs and lambs
25
What are the dosage forms of Macrolides?
Injectables
Intramammary
Tablets
26
What are some examples of Macrolides?
Erythromycin
Tilmicosin (Micotil)
Tylosin (Tylan)
Azithromycin (Zithromax)
Tulathromycin (Draxxin)
27
What are some adverse side effects of Macrolides?
Oral forms cause severe, life threatening diarrhea in horses and ruminants
V/D in dogs and cats
Pain after IM injections
28
Contraindications of Macrolides?
Do NOT use in horses
Do NOT use oral form in ruminants
29
What antibacterial is no longer commonly used and why?
Chloramphenicol
Illegal to use in food animals due to sensitive in humans and VERY long withdrawal times
30
How does Chloramphenical work?
Inhibits protein synthesis
Bacteriostatic
31
What spectrum does Chloramphenicol cover?
Relatively broad spectrum
Gram + and -
32
What are the common uses for Chloramphenicol?
Baterial respiratory infections, UTI, enteritis, bacterial conjunctivitis
Rickettsial infections (Ehrlichia, Q-fever, RMSF)
Mycoplasma
Infections in pocket pet
33
What are some adverse side effects of Chloramphenicol?
Bone marrow suppression
Inhibits biotransformation of anti-seizure and anasthetic drugs
34
Chloramphenicols can not be given with _________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Penicillins, or cephalosporins
35
What are the dosage forms of Chloramphenicol?
Tablet, capsule, opthalmic
36
What is Florfenicol used for?
Used on cattle for shipping fever or respiratory disease
37
What dosage form does Florfenicol come in?
Nuflor- injectable solution
38
What are some contraindications of Florfenicol?
Not for dairy cows \>20 months old or some cows
39
Withdrawal period for Florfenicol?
28 days
40
What are the dosage forms of Polymyxin B?
Topical and opthalmic
Injectable
41
How does Polymyxin B work?
Damages the cell membrane
42
Often combined together with Neomycin to make "triple antibiotic ointment"
Polymyxin B
43
What is a contraindication of Polymyxin B?
Do not use in patients with renal issues
44
Which antimicrobial might turn urine, saliva, and tears orange?
Rifampin
45
What is Rifampin used for?
Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in horses
Staphylococcal infections in small animals
46
Polyene antifungal agents effect what?
Cell membranes
47
What are some examples of Polyene antifungal agents?
Nystatin (seen in fungal sprays)
Amphotericin-B (more systemic)
48
Imidazole antifungal agents effect what?
Cell membrane and growth inhibition
49
What are some examples of Imidazole antifungal agents?
Ketaconazole
Miconazole
Itraconazole
Fluconazole
50
Anti-metabolic antifungal agents effect what?
RNA and proteins
51
What is an example of an anti-metabolic antifungal agent?
Flucytosine
52
What do superficial anti-fungal agents effect?
Inhibition of cell division
53
What is an example of a superficial antifungal agent?
Griseofulvin
54
Grisofulvin is commonly used to treat what?
Dermatophytosis
55
What are the dosage forms of Griseofulvin?
Tablets or powder
56
Contraindications of Fulvicin?
Must not be used in pregnant animals
57
Fulvicin must be given with a ___________ or proper absorption
Fatty meal
58
If vomiting occurs when administering Fulvicin what should be done?
Split dose in half
59
Imidizoles suffix
"\_\_\_\_\_azole"
60
Examples of Imidizoles
Ketaconazole
Miconazole
Itraconazole
61
What are the commone uses for Imidizoles?
Malessezia pachydermatitis
Systemic fungal infections
Dermatophytosis
62
What are the dosage forms of Imidizoles?
Tablets
Shampoos, topicals
parenterals
63
Contraidindications of Imidizoles?
Addison's disease
Breeding males
64
Most recent Imidizole on the market
Itraconazole
65
What are some adverse side effects of Itraconazole?
Very uncommon
Anorexia
Ulcerative dermatitis
66
Dosage form of Itraconazole?
Sporanox Capsules (human label)
67
What structures do antibacterials interfere with?
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
68
What are two effects of antibacterials?
They either kill bacteria (bactericidal) or they inhibit growth of the bacteria (bacteriostatic)
69
What are some points of client education regarding antibacterials?
Expected response
Common side effects
Give ALL medication even after improved condition
Proper storage
Proper amount at proper frequency
70
What are two techniques used for culture and sensitivity testing?
Agar diffusion test
Broth dilution susceptibility test
71
Broth dilution susceptibility test determines what?
Minimum inhibitory concetration
(The lowest concenration of a drug at which growth of the bacterium is inhibited)
72
Acquisition of an additional piece of DNA from another bacteria
Plasmid
73
Spontaneous change in DNA
Mutation
74
Types of bacterial resistance?
Enzyme action
Alternate metabolic pathways
75
What does enzyme action do?
Renders the drug useless
76
What antibiotics inhibit the cell wall synthesis (Peptidoglycan)?
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
77
What antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis (ribosomes)?
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Lincosamides
Chloramphenicol
Florfenicol
78
What antibiotics damage cell membrane (osmosis)?
Polymyxin-B
79
What antibiotics interfere with metabolism (folic acid)?
Sulfonamides
80
What antibiotics impair nuclic acids (DNA and RNA)?
Fluoroquinolones
81
Penicillins suffix
"\_\_\_\_cillin"
82
How do penicillins work?
They are bactericidal
Interfere with formation of cell wall synthesis
83
What spectrum do penicillins cover?
Narrow to broad depending on type
84
What enzyme converts penicilin to inactive penicillic acid?
Bacterial-B-Lactomase (Penicillinase)
85
Where are penicillins excreted?
Into milk
86
What are potentiated penicillins?
Drugs added to penicillin to ward off penicillinase
87
What are the narrow spectrum penicillins?
Penicillin G (Injectable)
Penicillin V (oral)
88
What are the broad spectrum penicillins?
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Carbenicillin
Ticarcillin
89
Penicillins bioavailability decreases in presence of \_\_\_\_\_
food
90
When should penicillin be given?
On an empty stomach
1 hour prior to meal or 2 hours after
91
Penicillin is excreted unchanged by the _______ via ________ and by secretion into _______ tubes.
Kidneys via filtration
Rean tubes
92
Why is penicillin an excellent choice for treating UTIs?
Retain bactericidal effect in urine as it is filtered or secreted intact
93
What are some precautions when using penicillins?
Look for anaphyilactic reactions (hypersensitivity)
Destruction of nomral flora
Withdrawal times
94
What species can NOT be given penicillin?
Guinea pigs, hampsters, rabbits, snakes, birds, turtles, chinchillas
95
Penicillin G is inactivated by ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_ therefore is only given by injection
stomach acid
96
What are the three types of Penicillin G?
Sodium or potassium Penicillin (clear solution)
Procaine penicillin (milky solution)
Benzathine Penicillin (milky solution)
97
Milky solutions are usually given ____ and are longer acting
Intramuscular (IM injection)
98
Withdrawal times for penicillin G? (Meat/Milk/Calves in cattle)
Meat: 4 days
Milke: 48 hours
Calves: 7 days
99
Withdrawal times for Penicillin (Sheep/swine)
Sheep- 8 days
Swine- 6 days
100
Ampicillin is availabe as what?
Oral and injectable forms
Amp-Equine (Clear)
Polyflex (milky)
101
Ampicillin generally has a ______ spectrum than natural penicillins
Broader spectrum
102
Cattle withdrawal times for ampicillin? (meat/milk)
Meat: 6 days
Milk: 48 hours
103
Ampicillin + Sulbactam (Unasyn) is used to treat what?
Respiratory infection in dogs, cats and foals
104
Dosage forms of Amoxicillin?
Oral
Injectable
Intramammary infusion
105
Common uses for Amoxicillin?
Many soft tissue infections in dogs and cats
Bovine Mastitis
106
What are some adverse side effects of Amoxicillin?
V/D, anorexia (when given orally)
Allergic reactions (hives, edema)
Diarrhea in hampsters, guinea pigs, rabbits
(^^^ Do NOT use)
107
Can be given without regard to feeding status?
Amoxicillin
108
Broad spectrum potentiated penicillin used to treat skin infections, UTIs, wound infections and respiratory infections
Clavamox
(Amoxi in combination with Clavulanic acid)
109
These pills must be kept in foil until ready to use or they will lose activity
Clavamox
110
Penicillin used for pyodermas
Oxacillin
111
Penicillin used for staph and pyodermras
Dicloxacillin
112
Penicillin used for dry cow intramammary preparation
Cloxacillin
113
Used to treat pneumonia, bone and soft tissue infections, high dose results in low platelets and seizures
Ticarcillin +/- Clavulanate potassium
114
What are used for antibiotic resistant infections?
Carbapenems
115
In what animals should SQ injections be avoided when administering Penicillin G?
Meat animals
116
Penicillins should never be used in what type of animals?
Exoctics
117
Oral penicillins can often cause...
Appetite loss, V/D
118
What is the one exception to the Never-Ever-Rule concerning never giving milky injectables via IV?
Propofol
119
What are the different types of Cephalosporins?
First gen
Second gen
Third gen
120
What are the first generation Cephalosporins?
Cefadroxil
Cephalexin
Cephapirin
Cefazolin
121
What first gen cephalosporin is a mammary infusion?
Cephapirin
122
What are the second gen cephalosporins?
Cefoxitin
Cefaclor
123
What are the third gen Cephalosporins?
Cefotaxime
Ceftiofur
Cefpodoxime
Cefocevin
124
What is the broadest spectrum Cephalosporin?
Third generation
125
What is the fourth gen cephalosporins?
Cefepime
126
Cephalosporins are susceptible to what?
B-Lactamase
127
Common uses for Cephalosporins in dogs and cats?
Cystitis
Soft tissue infections
Skin infections
128
Common uses for Cephalosporins in large/food animals
Shipping Fever
Respiratory infections
Mastitis
Foot rot
E. coli
129
Contraindications of cephalosporins
Allergies
Exoctics
130
How do Tetracyclines work?
Inhibit protein synthesis and impede cell division
Bacteriostatic
131
What type of Ceftiofur has no withholding time and can be used for lactating dairy cattle?
Naxcel
132
What type Ceftiofur has a 48 hour withholding time before slaughter?
Excenel
133
Ceftiofur and Cefocevin are what types of antimicrobials?
Cephalosporins
134
What is the main advantage of Cefocevin (Convenia)?
Great owner compliance, as they do not have to do anything. Administered SQ injection q 7-14 days
135
What are common problems with oral Cephalosporins?
Can cause V/D
136
Why are Tetracyclines contraindicated in young animals?
Cause defects with teeth and bone formation
137
Are tetracylines bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?
Bacteriostatic
138
What are Tetracylines used to treat?
Rickettsial diseases (RMSF, Hemobartonella, Ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease)
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Psittacosis
Chlamydial infections
139
What are the older forms of Tetracylines?
Panmycin
Oxytetracyline (Terramycin)
140
What are the major disadvantages of Oxytetracyline?
Low owner compliance
Must be administered 3-4 times a day and cause more side effects
Narrow spectrum
141
What are the newer forms of Tetracylines?
Doxycycline and Minocycline
142
What Tetracyclines are better absorbed?
Doxycycline and Minocycline
143
What minerals are found in tetracyline and oxytetracyline that make it more difficult to absorb?
Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, and copper
144
What reduces the bioavailability of tetracyclines?
If administered PO with dairy products, iron supplements, antacids
145
High concentrations of tetracyline remain in _____ and ____ secretions
saliva and bronchial secretions
146
What antimicrobial may cause long term staining of teeth in young animals?
Tetracyline
147
What can oral tetracylines cause in ruminants?
Ruminoreticular stasis
148
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and impair bone development in young animals
Tetracyline
149
Tetraclyine should NEVER be given ___ in horses
IV injection
150
Administering IV tetracyline in horses can cause what?
Euthanasia
151
What is not approved for lactating or egg-producing animals?
Tetracylines
152
Suffix for Fluoroquinolones/Quinolones
"\_\_\_\_\_floxacin"
153
How do Fluoroquinolones/Quionolones work?
Disrupt DNA function
154
Are Fluoroquinolones/Quinolones bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
Bactericidal
155
Fluoroquinolones/Quinolones are not effective against _______ bacteria
Anaerobic bacteria
156
Fluoroquinolones/Quinolones are _____ spectrum
Broad
157
Marbofloxacin (Zeniquin) is used to treat?
Bacterial infections in dogs and cats
158
Orbifloxacin (Orbax) is used to treat?
Skin and soft tissue infections in dogs, cats and horses
Also UTIs
159
Difloxacin (Dicural) is a new _____ a day drug
Once a day drug
160
Ciprofloxacin is used to treat?
Pseudomonas infections in dogs, cats and exotics
161
Common proprietary name for Enrofloxacin?
Baytril
162
Enrofloxacin dosage forms
Tablets
Chewable tabs
Injectables
Elixir
Otic emulsion
163
Baytil 100 is used for what?
Bovine Respiratory Disease in beef cattle
\*28 day withdrawal time\*
164
Where are there high concentrations of Fluoroquinolones/Quinolones?
Kidneys, liver, lungs, bone, joint fluid, globe of eye, respiratory tissues, prostate
165
What are some common uses for Fluoroquinolones/Quinolones?
Skin, respiratory and soft tissue infections
Bovine Respiratory infections
E. coli in poultry
166
What is often the first choice antibiotic used by vets?
Quinolone class drugs
167
What is an acceptable drug to use for pocket pets?
Enrofloxacin
168
Enrofloxacin should not be used in what species?
Dairy cattle, veal calves, egg laying chickens
169
What is the most common side effect of Enrofloxacin?
Damage to joint cartilage of growing animals
170
What are the contraindications of Enrofloxacin?
Small/Medium breed dogs (less than 8 months)
Large breeds up to 1 year old
Giant breeds 1 1/2 years old
Not labeled for horses
171
How do Sulfonamides work?
Prevent synthesis of folic acids
172
What are the three types of Sulfonamides?
Systemic sulfas
Enteric sulfas
Potentiated sulfas
173
What is the common proprietary name for Sulfadimethoxine?
Albon, Dimethox
174
What Sulfonamide is used in food animals?
Sulfachlorpyridazine
175
What drugs are dogs more susceptible to and can exhibit CNS problems and behavioral changes?
Sulfonamides
176
