Pharmacology Exam 6

Question 1

Some kind of organism that can cause disease

Virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoans

Answer 1

Pathogen

Question 2

Ability of an organism to cause an infection

Answer 2

Pathogenicity

Question 3

How virulent is can just a small amount cause you to be sick so the strength of it

Answer 3

Virulence

Question 4

How fast can it grow and overcome the bodies resources

Answer 4

Invasivness

Question 5

Slow the growth of the bacteria but don’t totally kill it

Decreasing numbers means your own bodies immune system can fight off the rest

Answer 5

Bacteriostatic

Question 6

Killing bacteria

Answer 6

Bactericidal

Question 7

Setting up a group away from ones place of origin

The human body has areas that are sterile and areas that are _____ with microorganisms.

Answer 7

Colonized

Question 8

Infection acquired by exposure to microbes in a health care setting

Answer 8

Health Care Acquired Infection (HAI)

Question 9

Infection acquired by exposure to microbes in the community

Answer 9

Community acquired infection

Question 10

This problem is made worse by the widespread use of antibiotics
Antibiotics can make the problem worse by killing populations of the bacteria that are sensitive to the drug
Mutations occur spontaneously and randomly
MRSA & VRE

Answer 10

Drug resistance

Question 11

Vancomycin is an antibiotic often used after bacteria have become resistant to other, safer antibiotics, and it is most affective in treating…

Answer 11

MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylcoccus aureus)

Question 12

an allergic reaction to an injection of serum, typically mild and characterized by skin rashes, joint stiffness, and fever.

Answer 12

Serum sickness

Question 13

sensitivity to one substance that renders an individual sensitive to other substances of similar chemical structure.

Answer 13

Cross sensitivity

Question 14

Involves growing a microorganism in the lab

Answer 14

Culture

Question 15

New infection caused by an organism different from the one causing the initial infection, usually a side effect of anti-infective therapy

Answer 15

Superinfection

Question 16

This and CDAD (clostridium difficile associated diarrhea) are the most common forms of health care acquired diarrheal infections. potentially fatal. patients should be isolated.
Risk factors include the use of broad spectrum or high dose antibiotics
Symptoms include abdominal cramping, fever, blood & mucus in the stool, risk for dehydration

Answer 16

PMC (Pseudomembranous colitis)

Question 17

Guidelines for preventing the spread of infection

Answer 17

Use the right drug for the infection
Only use the antibiotics when conditions seem to be necessary
Patients should take all the prescription

Question 18

A highly contagious infection 
First invades the lungs
May stay dormant (no symptoms)
Manifestations of infection:
  productive cough
  hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
  night sweats
  fever, chills, fatigue 
Caused by the organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing bacillus

Answer 18

Tuberculosis

Question 19

This mycoses affects the scalp, skin, nails, and mucous membranes such as the oral cavity and vagina.
In most cases the fungus invades only the surface layers of these regions.
Often treated with topical drugs because the incidence rate is much lower with this route

Answer 19

Superficial mycoses (Fungal infection)

Question 20

This mycoses affects the internal organs, typically the lungs, brain, and digestive organs.
Much less common than superficial mycoses.
This infects multiple body systems and are sometimes fatal to patients with suppressed immune systems.
Requires aggressive oral or parenteral medications

Answer 20

Systemic mycoses (Fungal infection)

Question 21

Infection caused by caused by the human immunodeficiency virus
Profound immunosuppression results in infections and malignancies

Answer 21

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Question 22

Antiretroviral drugs slow the growth of this causative agent for AIDS
Causes AIDS
Enters the cells and targets CD4 cells

Answer 22

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Question 23

Resistance to drugs is a problem
There is no cure
Diagnosis: rapid tests in ER or home
Another transmission is from mother to child
HIV1- United States
HIV2- Africa

Answer 23

HIV-AIDS

Question 24

a viral enzyme that converts the host RNA to viral DNA

Answer 24

Reverse transcriptase

Question 25

the measurement of the amount of HIV RNA in the plasma One of the two lab tests to guide pharmacotherapy of antiretroviral drugs

Answer 25

Viral load

Question 26

Drugs used to treat HIV infections

Answer 26

Antiretroviral

Question 27

Drug therapy for HIV infection that includes high doses of multiple medications given concurrently Drugs must be taken for life A mother is placed on this if diagnosed with HIV before the 14th week of pregnancy

Answer 27

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

Question 28

Any preventive medical treatment started immediately after exposure to a pathogen (such as a disease-causing virus), in order to prevent infection by the pathogen and the development of disease. A combination of 2 drugs over a 4 week period

Answer 28

Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP)

Question 29

Goals for antiretroviral (treat HIV infections) therapy

Answer 29

(Therapy with antiretroviral is started when the CD4 T-cell count falls below 200 cells/mcL or when AIDS symptoms become apparent) Improve survival and reduce morbidity Improve quality of life Restore and preserve immunologic function Promote maximum suppression of viral load Prevent transmission from mother to child

Question 30

viral infection characterized by acute symptoms that include sore throat, sneezing, coughing, fever, and chills

Answer 30

Influenza

Question 31

swelling, abnormal enlargement or mass, classified based on tissue of origins

Answer 31

Tumor

Question 32

Abnormal swelling or mass, the same as a tumor

Answer 32

Neoplasm

Question 33

NON CANCEROUS enlargement that stays in one place, slow growing

Answer 33

Benign tumor

Question 34

CANCEROUS enlargment, swelling, or mass

Answer 34

Malignant tumor

Question 35

An educated guess, the likely course of the disease

Answer 35

Prognosis

Question 36

The period when the cancer has responded to treatment and is under control

Answer 36

Remission

Question 37

Travel of cancer cells from their original site to a distant tissue

Answer 37

Metastasis

Question 38

The primary goal is to achieve a complete cure which means permanent removal of all cancer cells from the body Tries to "poison" the cancer cells and leave the bodies own cells alone but that doesn’t usually happen

Answer 38

Chemotherapy

Question 39

Technique in which antineoplastics are administered after surgery or radiation to effect a cure Give radiation treatment, surgery, sometimes given in combination

Answer 39

Adjuvant chemotherapy

Question 40

Form of cancer chemotherapy intended to alleviate symptoms rather than cure the disease Mainly makes the patient just feel better but doesn't cure the cancer

Answer 40

Palliation

Question 41

A disease characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled cell division

Answer 41

Cancer or carcinoma

Question 42

Adverse affects of low red blood cells counts (anemia)

Answer 42

``` Fatigue tired SOB petite low BP increased HR cynosis ```