Pharmacology Exam 5

Question 1

a condition in which vital tissues and organs are not receiving enough blood to function properly.
General term: heart is not able to pump enough around the body to provide for the body

Answer 1

Shock

Question 2

A shock that occurs by an extreme acute allergic reaction

Answer 2

Anaphylactic

Question 3

A shock that occurs because the heart cannot pump enough to pump the needs of the body, extreme form of heart failure, 80-100% die

Answer 3

Cardiogenic

Question 4

A shock that occurs because of low volume, blood or fluid loss, after a trauma

Answer 4

Hypovolemic

Question 5

A type of shock that occurs after trauma to the spine, has to do with impulses or overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system and that causes vasodilation

Answer 5

Neurogenic

Question 6

A type of shock that occurs with some kind of organism in the blood stream, bacterial, fungal, reaction of tissues, lead to decreased blood pressure

Answer 6

Septic

Question 7

What is the initial way to treat shock

Answer 7

Treated as a medical emergency
Rapid identification is important

• *ABC’s
• **Airway, breathing, circulation

Cardiac monitor
Pulse oximetry
Arterial line
Oxygen up to 15 L/min

Question 8

The most serious challenge in most types of shock and what a lot of the drugs are used to treat

Answer 8

Hypotension

Question 9

other than normal rhythm, abnormal rhythm of the heart

Answer 9

Dysrhythmias or arrhythmias

Question 10

Dysrhythmias or arrhythmias if they originate in the atria

Answer 10

Supraventricular (if they originate in the ventricle its much more serious)

Question 11

the ability of the specialized cells to respond to the electrical impulses

Answer 11

Excitability

Question 12

conduct the electrical impulse

Answer 12

Conductivity

Question 13

ability of the cells to make their own electrical impulse even without external nerve stimulus

Answer 13

Automaticity

Question 14

Also known as the pacemaker of the heart, has the properties of automaticity, small area of tissue in the wall of the right atrium

Answer 14

SA (sinoatrial) node

60-100 beats/min

Question 15

A back up for the SA node

Answer 15

AV node

40-60 beats/min

Question 16

network that starts at the atria and goes through the ventricles

Answer 16

Purkinje network of fibers

Question 17

Carry impulses through the heart

Answer 17

bundle branches

Question 18

how electrical impulses affects the surrounding cells and they all contract at the same time and that happens by movements of ions across the membrane

Answer 18

Depolarization

Question 19

when they all line up to do it again

Answer 19

Repolarization

Question 20

This type of cell contains more potassium inside the cell and less calcium and sodium outside of the cell and this imbalance causes a negative charge

Answer 20

Polarized

Question 21

The action potential begins when..

Answer 21

sodium ion channels allow sodium (Na+) into the cell

Question 22

When the sodium ion channels and calcium ion channels allow Na and Ca into the cell, _____ occurs due to loss of membrane potential

Answer 22

Depolarization

Question 23

Ensures that the myocardial cell finishes contracting before a second action potential begins

Answer 23

Refractory period

Question 24

Essential to protect the body from blood loss

Answer 24

Clotting

Question 25

The process of forming an insoluble clot

Answer 25

Coagulating/coagulation

Question 26

The process of stopping blood flow

Answer 26

Hemostasis

Question 27

Converts the clotting factor prothrombin to an enzyme called thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen (a plasma protein) to long strands of fibrin. The fibrin provides a framework for the clot

Answer 27

Prothrombin activator

Question 28

The process of clot removal

Answer 28

fibrinolysis

Question 29

A stationary clot that usually forms in a vessel and just gets bigger as more fibrin is added

Answer 29

Thrombus

Question 30

converts plasminogen (present in the fibrin clot) into plasmin

Answer 30

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

Question 31

moving clot, really anything moving that doesn’t belong there

Answer 31

embolus

Question 32

Thrombi in the venous system that usually form in the legs and make patients susceptible to sluggish blood flow

Answer 32

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Question 33

A drug that is preventative of clots

Answer 33

anticoagulants

Question 34

A drug that breaks down a clot

Answer 34

thrombolytics

Question 35

A drug that makes someone clot

Answer 35

hemostatics

Question 36

bleeding disorders caused by genetic deficiencies in specific clotting factors

Answer 36

hemophilias

Question 37

A normal lab test not using coagulation therapy | MONITORS HEPARIN

Answer 37

activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) or partial thromboplastin time (PTT) normal:25-35 seconds

Question 38

What are the 2 lab tests to measure coumadin

Answer 38

Monitored with: prothrombin time (PT) normal:11-13.5 sec International Normalized Ratio (INR): normal: 1.3 - 2.0

Question 39

The process of blood cell formation

Answer 39

Hematopoiesis

Question 40

Causes antibody response, is triggered when there are foreign bodies

Answer 40

Antigen

Question 41

Immunioglobins

Answer 41

Antibodies

Question 42

biologic agents used to stimulate the immune system

Answer 42

Vaccines

Question 43

process of introducing foreign proteins or inactive cells

Answer 43

Immunization

Question 44

low levels of the immune response are present

Answer 44

Booster

Question 45

drawing blood to check if those immunities are present

Answer 45

Titer

Question 46

toxins that are inactivated | --Tetanus

Answer 46

Toxoids

Question 47

type of response induced by the real pathogen or a vaccine Giving some kind of substance and we want the body to recognize it and generate memory cells Body creates on its own

Answer 47

Active immunity

Question 48

when preformed antibodies are transferred or “donated” from one person to another Immunity is given to us from someone else Mother gives passive immunity to a baby Doesn’t last very long

Answer 48

Passive immunity

Question 49

Administration difference between Dtap and Tdap

Answer 49

Dtap given to infants | Tdap given to adults

Question 50

Common side effects of vaccines

Answer 50

redness and discomfort at injection site fever minor aches anaphylaxis is possible

Question 51

Administration of vaccines to infants and children

Answer 51

``` Consent Note immunization record Select correct site Learn how to work with children Instruct parents to give Tylenol for fever or local reaction ```

Question 52

Corticosteroids are frequently used to

Answer 52

decrease inflammation Steroid --> reduces inflammation Cannot suddenly stop them Rebound inflammation, can even be fatal

Question 53

The function of inflammation is

Answer 53

to contain injury or destroy microorganisms | Natural process that helps us heal and protect us

Question 54

Chemical released by mast cells in response to an antigen that causes dilation of blood vessels, broncho-constriction, tissue swelling, and itching

Answer 54

Histamine

Question 55

Connective tissue cell located in tissue spaces that release histamine following injury

Answer 55

Mast cells

Question 56

Bacteria is classified as..

Answer 56

gram positive gram negative Aerobic- thrive with oxygen Anaerobic- thrive without oxygen

Question 57

Some kind of organism that can cause disease | Virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoans

Answer 57

Pathogen

Question 58

Ability of an organism to cause an infection

Answer 58

Pathogenicity

Question 59

How virulent is can just a small amount cause you to be sick so the strength of it

Answer 59

Virulence

Question 60

How fast can it grow and overcome the bodies resources

Answer 60

Invasivness

Question 61

Slow the growth of the bacteria but don’t totally kill it | Decreasing numbers means your own bodies immune system can fight off the rest

Answer 61

Bacteriostatic

Question 62

Killing bacteria

Answer 62

Bactericidal