Pharmacology Exam 3 Flashcards
What are the most common degenerative diseases of the CNS
Parkinson’s disease
Multiple sclerosis
Alzheimer’s disease
**There are no cures and medications are only used to control the symptoms
What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
Bradykinesia Rigidity Tremors Postural instability Affective flattening
The neurochemical basis for Parkinson’s
Neurons that produce dopamine die causing an inability to walk as well as many other movement disorders.. Bradykinesia Rigidity Tremors Postural instability Affective flattening
Acetylcholine??
Nurse’s role in AD and Parkinson’s
??
Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease
Memory loss
Confusion
Inability to think or communicate effectively
Brain shrinkage
**symptoms progress from confusion to memory loss to dimentia
Amyloid plaques
hardened areas that show up as a result of AD
Neurofibrillary tangles
nuerons curl and tangle due to AD
Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis
Symptoms depend on the location of the damaged neuron: Fatigue Heat sensitivity Neuropathic pain Impaired cognitive ability Highest among women in colder climates
Involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles, which become tightened, develop a fixed pattern of resistance, and result in a diminished level of functioning
Muscle spasm
Inability of opposing muscle groups to move in a coordinated manner
Spasticity
Chemically secreted by endocrine glands that acts as a chemical messenger that circulate through the body to affect homeostasis
Disorders are usually due to too little or too much
They may affect thousands of cells and balance is kept within a normal range
Examples include insulin and thyroid
Hormone
A disorder marked by excessive urination due to lack of secretion of antidiuretic hormone
Diabetes Insipidus
Also known as myxedema, when you are not getting enough of the hormone and everything slows down
Fairly common
Symptoms are general weakness, muscle cramps, dry skin
Hypothyroidism
When you are receiving too much of the thyroid hormone
Symptoms include increased body metabolism or appetite, tachycardia, weight loss, elevated body temperature and blood pressure, nervousness and anxiety
The most common type is known as Graves’ disease
Hyperthyroidism
A syndrome caused by hypersecretion of the thyroid hormone
Graves’ disease
An enlarged thyroid gland that can occur with either hyper or hypo thyroid states
Goiter
Indications for glucocorticoid medications
Adrenal insufficiency Allergies – suppress allergic response Asthma Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease) Edema – swelling, part of inflammatory response as well Cancer Transplant rejection Rheumatic disorders Shock Skin disorders
Signs and symptoms of Cushing’s disease (excessive amounts of glucocorticoids)
obesity
“moon” face – face gets round, some has to do with edema because your sodium goes up and body holds onto fluid
“buffalo hump” – hump on their back, can see a change has to do with spine
muscle weakness
reduced healing
hyperglycemia
Signs and symptoms of Addison’s disease (deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones caused by autoimmune conditions and infections)
bronze pigmentation of skin changes in distribution of body hair GI disturbances weakness hypoglycemia postural hypotension weight loss
What is the role of insulin and glucagon
To keep blood glucose levels within narrow limits
insulin- decreases levels
glucagon- increases levels
Characteristics of type 1 diabetes mellitus
5% to 10 % of all DM cases
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
chronic disease
often occurs early in life
people who’s pancreas made no insulin so they have to be provided with insulin
Signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes mellitus
Hyperglycemia
Polyuria
Polyphagia
Polydipsia
Increased blood glucose level
fasting blood glucose greater than 126 mg/dL on 2 separate occasions
Hyperglycemia
Polyuria
excessive urination
