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Pharmacology 218 > Pharmacology Exam 4 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the route of blood through the heart

A 
From the vena cavas then through:
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonic valve
Pulmonary artery- only artery that carries un-oxygenated blood
Lungs
Pulmonary veins- oxygenated blood is returned through this vein
Left atrium
Mitral valve (3)
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
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2
Q

Brings blood from the head to the heart

A

Superior vena cava

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3
Q

Brings blood from the body to the heart

A

Inferior vena cava

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4
Q

Only artery that carries un-oxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary artery: goes to the lungs and gets oxygen

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5
Q

After the pulmonary artery receives the oxygen from the lungs, it brings the oxygen back to the heart through the..

A

Pulmonary veins

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6
Q

Sac that encloses the heart on the outside

A

Pericardium

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7
Q

Muscular part of the heart, thick layer, left ventricle has a thicker one because it pumps harder and farther because it pumps to the rest of the body while the right only pumps to the lungs

A

Myocardium

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8
Q

Build up of fat in the arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

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9
Q

Lipid carrying particle in the blood that contains high amounts of protein and lower amounts of cholesterol; good cholesterol

A

High density lipoprotein (HDL)

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10
Q

Lipid carrying particle that contains relatively low amounts of protein and high amounts of cholesterol; bad cholesterol

A

Low density lipoprotein (LDL)

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11
Q

High levels of lipids or fats in the blood

A

Hyperlipidemia

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12
Q

Breakdown of muscle fibers usually due to muscle trauma or ischemia

A

Rhabdomyolysis

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13
Q

Functions of the kidneys

A

regulate fluid balance
electrolyte composition
acid-base balance of body fluids
secrete renin (regulation of blood pressure)
secrete erythropoietin (red blood cell production)
produce calcitriol (active form of vitamin D)

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14
Q

Sudden loss of renal failure thats usually irreversible

A

Acute renal failure (ARF)

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15
Q

Gradual loss of renal function that occurs overtime, is irreversible, scar tissue replaces the nephrons
Big in diabetics and people with hypertension

A

Chronic renal failure (CRF)

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16
Q

Medications with renal failure..

A

Administering the “average” dose of medication to a patient in severe renal failure can have fatal consequences

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17
Q

Drugs that increase renal excretion of water, sodium, and other electrolytes, thereby increasing urine formation and output

Used for hypertension, heart failure, kidney disease

A

Diuretics

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18
Q

Potassium levels less than 3.5 mEq/L

A 
Hypokalemia
Monitor weight
Avoid administration late in the day
Stand up slowly
Monitor I & O in the hospital
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19
Q

Potassium levels greater than 5 mEq/L

A 
Hyperkalemia
Monitor weight
Avoid administration late in the day
Stand up slowly
Monitor I & O in the hospital
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20
Q

Small, charged molecules essential for homeostasis

A

Electrolytes

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21
Q

Too little or too many electrolytes..

A

Can result in serious complications

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22
Q

Excess sodium with signs and symptoms

A

Hypernatremia
more than 145 mEq/L
often due to kidney pathology
Symptoms: thirst, fatigue, weakness, muscle twitching, decreased level on consciousness
Treat: with low sodium diets
Measure sodium in the blood to see how much less they need
Can give with IV fluids

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23
Q

Depletion of sodium with signs and symptoms

A

Hyponatremia
less than 135 mEq/L
Losses through skin, GI tract, or kidneys
Most often occurs with diarrhea or burns
Symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, confusion, coma
Treat: with sodium chloride

24
Q

Normal range for potassium

A

3.5-5 mEq/L
high or low potassium can cause heart irregularities
diuretics wash out water which washes out potassium
Hyper/Hypokalemia associated with fatal dysrhythmias and serious neuromuscular disorders
Foods high in potassium: bananas, citrus fruits, peanut butter

25
Q

Normal range for sodium

A

0.9% NS
3% is used very carefully in an ICU or with someone who is severely hyponatremic
wherever salt goes, water goes, so if you have more sodium in your body then you’re going to retain more water as well

26
Q

High blood pressure

A

Hypertension

27
Q

Causes of hypertension or high BP

A

Obesity, lack of exercise, smoking, family history, African Americans, those with diabetes, aging, stress

28
Q

Classifications/stages of hypertension

A

Normal:
Systolic/Diastolic = BP 119/79 or less

Prehypertension:
SBP 120-139 or DBP 80- 89

Stage 1 hypertension:
SBP 140-159 or DBP 90-99

Stage 2 hypertension:
SBP greater than 160 or DBP 100 or more

29
Q

3 factors that affect blood pressure

A

Cardiac output
Peripheral resistance
Total amount of blood/blood volume you have in those vessels

30
Q

The amount of blood pumped by the ventricle in 1 minute

A

Cardiac output

31
Q

How stretchy, how constricted, makes it harder for the blood to pump out how much it wants to pump

A

Peripheral resistance

32
Q

How much blood does the average person have

A

5 liters

33
Q

center in our brains in the medulla oblongata which regulate basebline BP, nerves travel from here out to the smooth muscle and can cause constriction

A

Vasomotor center

34
Q

Nerves located in the walls of the atria, aortic arch, vena cava, and carotid sinus that sense changes in blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors

35
Q

Nerves located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus that sense changes in oxygen content, pH, or carbon dioxide levels in the blood

A

Chemoreceptors

36
Q

Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that conserves water… vasoconstrictor that stops you from putting out so much urine, conserve water, constrict vessels

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

37
Q

Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that increases sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule of the kidney

tells our bodies to hold on to/ retain sodium, which makes us hold onto water, which increases our BP

A

Aldosterone

38
Q

Body mechanism for raising blood pressure initiated by the release of renin secreted by the kidney
Activates the angiotensin and its changed into angiotensin1–> angiotensin2–> aldosterone

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

39
Q

A temporary increase in the heart rate that occurs when blood pressure falls

A

Reflex tachycardia

40
Q

Lifestyle changes for HTN

A

Many doctors visits to find the right drugs for you

Learn to monitor your own BP and pulse

Stand slowly because dizziness may occur

Weigh yourself at the same time everyday and report weight gain of more than 2 lbs in a 24 hour period

41
Q

Heart failure is..

A

When the heart is unable to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the body’s metabolic needs

42
Q

Heart failure occurs with _____ and can also be accelerated or caused by these 5 things

A 
HF occurs with aging and can be caused by:
Coronary artery disease
Mitral stenosis
Myocardial infarction
Chronic hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
43
Q

Plaque build up in the coronary arteries, which are the ones that wrap around our heart and feed it between beats

A

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

44
Q

Valves gets hard and don’t close/seal very well so when pumping some goes backwards so there isn’t enough moving forward to meet the bodies needs

A

Mitral stenosis

45
Q

Damage to a heart muscle so some of the blood supply has been cut off because you lose the ability to pump

A

Myocardial infarction (MI)

46
Q

The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle each minute

A

Cardiac output

47
Q

The amount of blood that fills the heart just before systole which is when the ventricle contracts

A

Preload

48
Q

The pressure in the aorta that must be overcome in order for the heart to eject blood

A

Afterload

**Hypertension increases the afterload because the heart has to work harder

49
Q

A drug increases contractility of the heart

Makes the heart contract stronger, squeeze faster

A

Inotropic effect

50
Q

Cells stretch and change and those are permanent changes, just hope for it not to get any worse

A

Cardiac remodeling

51
Q

Swelling usually below the knees

A

Peripheral edema

52
Q

When not enough blood reaches the heart
Can be caused by atherosclerosis
Can also be caused by spasms of the heart

A

Myocardial ischemia

53
Q

Pain that comes from the heart when the heart isn’t getting enough oxygen

A

Angina pectoris

54
Q

Usually felt when you’re doing an activity, chopping wood for example, but goes away when you stop

A

Stable angina

55
Q

Angina caused by spasms

A

Vasospastic or Prinzmetal

56
Q

Angina that occurs at rest as well as activities

A

Unstable angina

57
Q

When you don’t feel any pain but go to the hospital and see that you have had a heart attack

A

Silent angina

Pharmacology 218 (13 decks)

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