Pharmacology Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Substances that produce responses within the body, they are synthesized by cells of the human body, animal cells, or microorganismsEx: Insulin
A
Biologics
2
Q
Treatments that consider the health of the whole person and promote disease prevention, natural, not drugs or medicineEx: herbs, acupuncture, massage, meditation
A
Complementary and Alternative Medicines
3
Q
Major differences between prescription and OTC drugs
A
Prescription: need written order from a doctorOTC: doesn’t need a prescription, has lower dosage and safer
4
Q
Role of the FDA in the drug approval process
A
Reviews drugs that have worked and gone through the New Drug Application (NDA) process. Once they approve it, the drug is put on the market
5
Q
US agency responsible for the evaluation and approval of new drugs
A
FDA
6
Q
Federal law enforcement agency that combats drug smuggling and monitors controlled substances
A
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
7
Q
4 phases of the drug approval process
A
- preclinical investigation: drugs are tested on animals or human cells2. clinical investigation: tests on healthy human volunteers as well as people with a disease3. New Drug Application: completed if the drug appears to work and reviewed by the FDA4. Post marketing surveillance: drug is marketed but still monitored
8
Q
Method for organizing drugs on the basis of their clinical usefulness, tells you exactly what the drug is going to do in the bodyEx: raises your BP
A
Therapeutic classification
9
Q
Method for organizing drugs on the basis of their mechanism of action (at the molecular & body system levels)
A
Pharmacologic classification
10
Q
Well understood model drug with which other drugs in a pharmacologic class may be compared
A
Prototype drug
11
Q
Strict chemical nomenclature used for naming drugs established by the IUPAC, used in the lab
A
Chemical name
12
Q
Nonproprietary name of a drug assigned by the government, stays the same throughout all companies
A
Generic name
13
Q
Proprietary name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer, also called the brand or product name, usually easier to understand, most patients know this name
A
Trade name
14
Q
Drug product with more than one active generic ingredient
A
Combination drug
15
Q
The ability of a drug to reach the bloodstream and its target tissues
A
Bioavailability
16
Q
The continued drive to use a substance despite its negative health and social consequences
A
Addiction
17
Q
Strong physiological or psychological need for a substance.. associated with tolerance, you will keep needing more
A
Dependence
18
Q
A drug placed into one of the five categories based on its potential for misuse or abuse
A
Scheduled drug
19
Q
How a drug produces its physiological effect on the body
A
Drug’s mechanism of action
20
Q
Description and example of a SCHEDULE 1
A
No medical use, very high potential for abuseEx: heroine, LSD, marijuana
21
Q
Description and example of a SCHEDULE 2
A
High potential for abuseEx: morphine, methadone
22
Q
Description and example of a SCHEDULE 3
A
Potential for abuse, but less than schedule 1 and 2Ex: codeine
23
Q
Description and example of a SCHEDULE 4
A
May cause dependenceEx: benzodiazepine
24
Q
Description and example of a SCHEDULE 5
A
Very limited potential for dependenceEx: codeine
25
The process of moving a drug across the body's membranes from the spot of administration
Absorption
26
The process of transporting drugs through the body, tissues, heart, kidneys, brain, usually through the blood stream
Distribution
27
The total of all biochemical reactions in the body, or biotransformation
Metabolism
28
The process of removing drugs or substances from the bodyEx: by the kidneys through the urine
Excretion
29
What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics
AbsorptionDistributionMetabolismExcretion
30
The study of how drugs are handled in the body
Pharmacokinetics
31
Factors affecting absorption
Oral medication has to dissolve first so it takes a lot longerSyrups are faster then tabletsIV drugs don't need absorbedDepending on the food that's already in your stomach it could take longer for the medication to absorbedBlood flow to the digestive tract is important
32
The amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect
Minimum effective concentration
33
The level of drug that will result in serious adverse effects
Toxic concentration
34
The dosage range or serum concentration that achieves the desired drug affect, between the minimum effective concentration and the toxic concentration
Therapeutic range
35
The length of time for the plasma concentration of a medication to decrease by half after the administration
Plasma half life
36
Large dose given at the beginning of treatment to rapidly obtain the therapeutic effect of a drug
Loading dose
37
Dose that is less than the loading dose to keep the plasma drug concentration continuously in the therapeutic range
Maintenance dose
38
Time it takes for a therapeutic effect of a drug to appear, when it starts working/kicking in
Onset of drug action
39
When its the highest amount of drug in the bloodstream, the strongest affect before dropping off
Peak of plasma level
40
The length of time that the therapeutic drug lasts before you need to give them another dose of medicine
Duration of drug action
41
A drug that is capable of binding to receptors, does the action of a natural substance, and induce a cellular response
Agonist
42
A drug that blocks the response of another drug, prevents chemicals from acting
Antagonist
43
Medication that produces a weaker, or less efficient response than an agonist, such as pain meds
Partial agonist
44
Receptors bind to drugs, whether they are good or bad, but drugs can stop these receptors, causing inihibition
Receptors & Drug action
45
List in order the steps of the nursing process
1. Assessment2. Nursing diagnosis3. Planning goals and outcomes4. Implementing5. Evaluating
46
The part of the nursing process where you gather information and collect data about your patient
Assessment
47
Clinical judgement part of the nursing process made about the patient's health within the nurse's scope of practice, so what the nurse is able to control, two basic ways of of analyzing the patient would be by deficient knowledge and noncompliance
Nursing Diagnosis
48
The phase of the nursing process in which nurses prioritize their diagnosis, educate the patient about it, and formulate goals/outcomes
Planning
49
The part of the nursing process when the patient reassesses the patient and comes up with the nursing interventions that would allow the patient to move forward such as re administering a drug
Implementing
50
The part of the nursing process that compares the patient's current health with the desired, continues to modify the care plan
Evaluating
51
A drug or other agent that causes developmental birth defects because a fetus or embryo was exposed to it and it caused damage
Teratogen
52
The taking of multiple drugs at the same time
Polypharmacy
53
Changes in enzyme structure and function due to the encoding gene, so changes in DNA
Genetic polymorphism
54
The area of pharmacology that examines the role of genetics in drug responses
Pharmacogenetics
55
Treatments that consider the health of the whole person and promote disease prevention, often safer than medications
Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM)
56
What are the 5 categories of teratogenic drug classification
A: No risk to the fetusB: No risk in animal studies, well controlledC: Animal studies indicate there is a riskD: A risk has been provenX: The risk is greater and outweighs the benefits (an X classification will definitely harm the fetus)
57
Differences that a nurse should be aware of when administering medications to children
They have decreased and slower gastricsTheir liver and kidneys are immatureThey have a lower blood pressureYou should administer drugs in a non-traumatic way
58
Differences that a nurse should be aware of when administering medications to adults
They have slower gastric emptying timesThey have decreased blood flow through the liver and kidneysThey have decreased and slower GI mobility
59
Explain the roles of complementary and alternative medicine in promoting patient wellness
Focuses on treating patients as individualsConsiders the health of the whole personEmphasizes the integration of mind and bodyPromotes disease prevention, selfcare, and self healingRecognizes the role of spirituality and health in healing
60
Why are drugs important in the context of emergency preparedness
They are the most powerful tool available to the medical community for bioterrorism and world wide epidemics
61
Program designed to ensure the immediate deployment of essential medical materials to a community in the event of a large scaled chemical or biological attack
Strategic National Stockpile (SNS)
62
Caused by the bacterium Bacillus antracis which causes severe disease and high mortality in humans, normally effects domestic and wild animals
Anthrax
63
Removing poison from the stomach
Gastric lavage
64
A carbon based drug that is used to absorb poisons
Activated charcoal
65
Considered for potentially toxic ingestion of sustained release or enteric coated drugs, removing poisons from the bowels
Whole bowel irrigation
66
Identify the divisions of the peripheral nervous system
Made up of Motor Neurons & Sensory NeuronsMotor Neurons are made up of the Somatic and Autonomic nervous systemsThe Autonomic Nervous System is made up of the Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) and Sympathetic (Adrenergic)The sympathetic is also made up of alphas and betas
67
This system prepares the body for stressful or energetic activity, activating the fight-or-flight response
Sympathetic
68
The system dominates during the time of rest-and-digest and it also directs maintenance activities
Parasympathetic
69
The system where the brain and the spinal cord both receive and process information then initiate actions
Central Nervous system
70
The system of all the nerves and tissues outside of the CNS which transmits signals between CNS and the rest of the body
Peripheral Nervous system
71
Activates involuntary responses over the contractions of smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, and organs
Autonomic Nervous system
72
Activated under the conditions of the fight or flight response
Sympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous system
73
Activated under the nonstressful conditions and produces a rest and digest response
Parasympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System
74
Stimulate the sympathetic division (fight-or-flight) and are made up of Alpha and Beta receptors. can also be selective or non selective
Adrenergic receptors
75
Stimulate the parasympathetic division (rest-and-digest) and are nerves that release acetylcholine which stimulates smooth muscle, gland secretion, and a decreased heart rate
Cholinergic receptors
76
What are the autonomic nervous system's 2 primary neurotransmitters...
NorepinephrineAcetylcholine
77
These STIMULATE the sympathetic nervous system and what responses we would get such as fight or flight, decreased heart rate
Sympathomimetics
78
These INHIBIT sympathetic nervous systems, opposite the sympathomimetics
Adrenergic antagonists
79
These STIMULATE the parasympathetic nervous system, producing the rest and digest response
Parasympathomimetics
80
These INHIBIT the parasympathetic nervouse system, they are cholinergic blocking agents
Anticholinergics
81
Having a large drop in blood pressure as you stand up, making you dizzy and sometimes causing falls. This is a side effect of raking Prazosin (minipress) which is used to lower blood pressure
Orthostatic hypotension
82
Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care provider, patient, or consumer
Medication Error
83
Name the organizations involved with medication safety
Food & Drug Administration (FDA)U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP)Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)Joint Commission
84
Oversees the safety of consumer products, such as medicines, biologics, cosmetics, food, and medical devices
FDA
85
Creates a system of standards and quality, also only admits drugs that meet the guidelines, heparin labeling situation
US Pharmacopoeia
86
A nonprofit, independent watch dog, safe medicines and error prevention, collects info on errors, research, and educate patients
Institute for Safe Medication Practices
87
Improves safety in health care institutions, provides accreditation, the goal is to reduce the risk of bad outcomes
Joint Commission
88
What are the 3 different delivery systems
Unit doseMultiple doseAutomated medication dispensing system (AMD)
89
Medications packaged individually like the ones we use in lab
Unit dose
90
Medications with more than one dose in a container so like a bottle of pills
Multiple dose
91
Medications that come from a computer storage and dispensing system like the one in lab
Automated medication dispensing system
92
What are the 6 rights of medication administration
PatientDrugDoseRouteTimeDocumentation
93
What are the 3 times you check the medication before administering
When collecting the medicationsBefore entering the patient's roomAt the bedside
94
Describe point-of-care barcode technology and how it improves the accuracy of medications
1. Scan the patients ID bracelet barcode2. Scan medication barcode and the computer will say if its a matchThis improves accuracy of medication administration and reduces the # of drug-related errors
95
Proper method of administering oral drugs
wash handscheck for allergiescheck label 3 timesmake sure the drug is appropriate for the patientmake sure the head is elevatedgive a sip of water to make sure they can swallowdo not give if nauseous or vomitingopen unit dose at the bedsidepour liquid at eye levelfollow with water
96
What are the 6 different types of medication orders
Routine medsStanding medsPRN (as needed)One time/single orderASAP or NowSTAT
97
What are the 5 components of a medication label
The chemical composition The disease or disorder that the drug treatsPrescribing guidelinesKnown drug reactions and interactionsWarnings and cautions about the drug
98
What are some different types of solid medications
TabletsCapsulesGranulesChewableCoatedEffervescent Modified releaseMultilayerOrally disintegratingSolubleTrocheLozenge
99
What are some different types of liquid medications
SolutionsSuspensionsEmulsionsElixirsSyrups
100
Identify the major types of anxiety disorders
Generalized anxietyPanic DisorderPhobiaSocial anxietyObsessive Compulsive disorderPost traumatic stress disorder
101
Stress disorder where you're always worried, nervous, symptoms, lasting more than 6 months
Generalized anxiety disorders
102
Stress disorder with intense panic, attacks lasting 10 min, interferes with daily activities
Panic disorder
103
Stress disorder where you get anxiety from speaking in front of people, not wanting to be with people at all
Social anxiety
104
Stress disorder where you repeat behaviors, hand washing, light switches
Obsessive compulsive disorder
105
Stress disorder that happens after a traumatic event/natural disaster
Post traumatic stress disorder
106
Region of the brain associated with feelings of stress and anxiety
Limbic system (middle of the brain)
107
Region of the brain associated with high alertness, you're not drowsy, not sleepy
Reticular formation (connects with hypothalamus)
108
Region of the brain associated with wakefulness
Reticular activating system (RAS)
109
What are the classes of medication used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders
Antidepressants: LexaproBenzodiazepines: AtivanBarbituates Non benzo/non barbituates: Ambien
110
Requires different classes of drugs that cause loss of sensation to the entire body, usually resulting in loss of consciousness
General anesthesia
111
Loss of sensation to a limited part of the body
Local anesthesia
112
5 types of local anesthesia
EpiduralInfiltrationNerve blockSpinalTopical
113
Injection into the skin immediately at the surgical site-blocks a specific amount of small nerves
Infiltration
114
Injection into tissue that may be distant from the operation site (regional)-blocks sensation into a limb or a large area like the face
Nerve block
115
Multiple/combination of drugs are used to rapidly induce unconsciousness, allow muscle relaxation, maintain anesthesia3-5 drugs combined so you don't get the side effects of just one drug
Balanced anesthesia
116
A genetically inherited problem, reaction to the anesthetic agent when you have a rapid increase in body temperature
Malignant hypothermia
117
Inhibits the amount of seratonin so that it'll stay in the system longer..?
Selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
