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Pharmacology 218 > Pharmacology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Any disorder characterized by recurrent seizures

A

Epilepsy

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2
Q

Clinically detectable sign of epilepsy,
is a disturbance of electrical activity in the brain that may affect consciousness, motor activity, and sensation,
caused by abnormal or uncontrolled neuronal discharges

A

Seizure

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3
Q

Generalized symptoms may include blacking out, fainting spells, sensory disturbances, jerking body movements, and temporary loss of memory

A

Seizures

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4
Q

Involuntary, violent spasms of large skeletal muscles such as the face, neck, arms, and legs..
some types of seizures don’t involve these

A

Convulsions

(so all convulsions are seizures, but not all seizures are convulsions) this makes a difference when prescribing drugs

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5
Q

The signs you get before a seizure that let you know one is coming

A

Auras

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6
Q

Prolonged seizures

A

Status epilepticus

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7
Q 
Severe hypertensive (high blood pressure) disorder of pregnancy,
hypertension occurs occurs around the 20th week of gestation until at least 1 week after the delivery,
characterized by seizures, coma, and perinatal mortality
A

Eclampsia

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8
Q

Symptoms of this partial seizure include:
olfactory, auditory, and visual hallucinations,
intense emotions,
twitching from arms, legs, and face

A

Simple partial seizure

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9
Q

Symptoms of this partial seizure include:
auras preceding the seizure,
brief periods of confusion or sleepiness afterward with no memory of seizure (postictal confusion),
fumbling with or attempting to remove clothing,
no response to verbal commands

A

Complex partial seizure (psychomotor)

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10
Q

Symptoms of this generalized seizure include:
lasting only a few seconds,
seen most often in children (they stare into space, don’t respond to verbal stimulation, may have fluttering eyelids or jerking),
misdiagnosed often (especially in children) as ADD or day dreaming

A

Absence (petit mal)

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11
Q

Symptoms of this generalized seizure include:
falling or stumbling for no reason,
lasting only a few seconds

A

Atonic (drop attacks)

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12
Q

Symptoms of this generalized seizure include:
auras preceding the seizure,
intense muscle contraction (tonic phase) followed by alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles (clonic phase),
crying at the beginning as air leaves lungs, loss of bowel/bladder control, shallow breathing with periods of apnea, usually lasting 1-2 minutes
disorientation and deep sleep after seizure (postictial state)

A

Tonic-clonic (grand mal)

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13
Q

Symptoms of this special seizure include:
tonic-clonic activity lasting 1-2 minutes,
rapid return to consciousness,
occurs in children usually between 3 mo - 5 yrs

A

Febrile seizure

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14
Q

Symptoms of this special seizure include:
large jerking movements of a major muscle group, such as an arm and falling from a sitting position or dropping what is held

A

Myoclonic seizure

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15
Q

Symptoms of this special seizure include:

considered a medical emergency and continuous/prolonged seizure activity occurs which can lead to coma and death

A

Status epilepticus

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16
Q

Side effect of Dilantin: constant involuntary movement of the eyeball

A

Nystagmus

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17
Q

Side effect of Dilantin: uncoordinated movements

A

Ataxia

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18
Q

Side effect of Dilantin: when you develop more anxiety and nervousness/restlessness

A

Paradoxical nervousness

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19
Q

Side effect of Dilantin: a very severe skin reaction

A

Stevens Johnson’s Syndromes

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20
Q

Side effect of Dilantin: overgrowth of the gum tissue

A

Gingival hyperplasia

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21
Q

Dilantin is dangerous when given through an IV so you should..

A

Give very slowly

Never give more than 50mg/minute

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22
Q

A temporary episode of cerebral ischemia also known as a mini stroke

A

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

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23
Q

Interruption of cerebral blood flow by a clot, plaque breaking off and causing cholesterol build up, and vessels could pop
damage is permanent and cerebral aneurysms can take place

A

Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)

24
Q

Similarities between TIA and CVA

A

Their manifestations/appearance begin the same:

muscle drooping & change in speech

25
Q

Why is it important to distinguish between TIA and CVA

A

Their treatments vary/different and drugs won’t be the same for both

26
Q

How do antiseizure drugs work?

A

Once the medication is selected, the patient is put on a low dose and then the amount is slowly increased until the seizures are controlled the way the want them to be.
A 2nd medication can be added but the first drug will continually discontinue or 6-12 weeks
Observe for suicidal behavior
**DO NOT just stop taking seizure medications because that can make the seizure worse or the patient dies

27
Q

What are the 3 general mechanisms that are used to basically prevent seizures..

A

Stimulating an influx of chloride ions (GABA)
Delaying an influx of sodium (hydantoin)
Delaying an influx of calcium

28
Q

What does GABA stand for?

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

29
Q

A disorder is characterized by a sad or despondent mood: the most common mental illness

A

Depression

30
Q

Symptoms of depression

A 
lack of energy
sleep disturbance 
abnormal eating patterns
feelings of despair
guilt
hopelessness
31
Q

Types of depression

A 
Major Depressive Disorder (clinical depression)
Dysthymic Disorder
Postpartum Depression
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Psychotic Depression
32
Q

Symptoms of ADHD

A 
Easily distracted
Failure to receive or follow instructions
Inability to focus on one task at a time
Difficulty remembering 
Frequent loss or misplacement of personal items
Excessive talking and interrupting 
Inability to sit still
Impulsiveness
Sleep disturbance
33
Q

Can occur when the patient is taking another medication that affects the metabolism, synthesis, or reuptake of serotonin

A

Serotonin syndrome (SES)

34
Q

Episodes of depression alternating with episodes of mania

A

Bipolar Disorder

35
Q

Cultural considerations for medications

A

Antipsychotic dose may need to be decreased for Asian patients
Antidepressant dose may be lower for Hispanic patients

36
Q

A severe mental disorder characterized by disordered thought processess

A

Psychosis

37
Q

When someone believes something is there when its really not

A

Hallucinations

38
Q

When someone has false beliefs, such as someone controlling their thoughts

A

Delusions

39
Q

When someone has distorted perceptions of something

A

Illusions

40
Q

When someone has the belief that someone is out to hurt them

A

Paranoia

41
Q

A type of psychosis characterized by abnormal thoughts and processes, disordered communication, withdrawal from other people and the outside environment, and a high risk for suicide
appears in men around 15-24 years old
appears in women around 25-34 years old

A

Schizophrenia

42
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Symptoms that add on to normal behavior:
hallucinations
delusions
disorganized thought or speech patterns

43
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Symptoms that subtract from normal behavior:
lack of interest
motivations
responsiveness or pleasure in daily activities
*negative symptoms are harder to associate with schizophrenia because they are sometimes mistaken for depression or even laziness

44
Q

Acute dystonia

A

Severe spasms of the tongue, face, neck, and upper back
Very painful
Can occur days after the dose has been given

45
Q

Akathisia

A

Constant pacing and agitation, cant be still
can occur 2 months from the first dose
can be treated with other medications for restless behavior

46
Q

Parkinsonism

A 
NOT parkinson's, just some of the symptoms, caused by medications
having tremors,
muscle rigidity,
stooped posture,
shuffling gate,
bradykinesia, 
slow movements, 
pill rolling
47
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

Bizzare tongue and face movements such as lip smacking or wormlike motions of the tongue that occur during pharmacotherapy so try to use the lowest dose possible

48
Q

Hypotension

A

decreased blood pressure, could be orthostatic

49
Q

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

A

Medical emergency that can be fatal caused by certain antipsychotic medications characterized by an extremely high body temperature, drowsiness, changing in blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, and muscle rigidity

50
Q

Anticholinergic effects

A

Dry mouth and blurred vision

51
Q

Sedation

A

Depression of the CNS causing drowsiness or sleep

52
Q

Drugs administered for schizophrenia and their 3 categories

A

Antipsychotic Agents (most of these drugs bind to dopamine receptors and block the action of dopamine):
Phenothiazines: more sedating
Nonphenothiazines
Atypical antipsychotics

53
Q

An experience characterized by unpleasant feelings, usually associated with trauma or disease

A

Pain

54
Q

More severe heaches
Often occuring in women 20-30 years of age
Some people have warning signs that it is about to happen
Accompanied by nausea and vomiting sometimes
Can’t tolerate light so need to be in a dark room
Lasts 4-24 hours or severeal days
Dilation of blood vessels so more blood gets to your brain causing some pain

A

Migraines

55
Q

Preventative treatments for migraines

A

Beta-adrenergic blockers
Anticonvulsants
Tricyclic antidepressants

Pharmacology 218 (13 decks)

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