Pharmacology - Autonomic Physiology and Pharmacology Flashcards
What type of signal carries a stimulation from the CNS to the PNS?
An efferent signal away from the CNS to the PNS. Slide 3
What type of signal carries a stimulation from the PNS to the CNS?
An afferent signal towards the CNS. Slide 3
What can the PNS be subdivided into?
Somatic EFFERENT, Autonomic and somatic AFFERENT. Slide 3
What can the autonomic nervous system be subdivided into?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and debatably the Enteric nervous system. Slide 3
Is the ANS mostly voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary. Slide 4
Do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions work together or against each other?
Work simultaneously together. Slide 5
What is the transmitter of the preganglionic neurones in the sympathetic and parasympathetic?
Acetylcholine. Slide 6
What is the receptor for acetylcholine in the preganglionic neurones in para + sympathetic?
Nicotinic cholinoceptors. Slide 6
In the sympathetic nervous system what is the transmitter and the receptor in the postganglionic neurone?
Noradrenaline or adrenaline (not as often however) with adrenergic receptors. Slide 6
In the parasympathetic nervous system what is the transmitter and the receptor in the postganglionic neurone?
Acetylcholine with muscurinic receptors. Slide 6
In the sympathetic system what are the 2 places where the pre and post ganglionic neurons synapse together?
Paravertebral ganglia and the prevertebral ganglia, both close to the spinal cord. Slide 7
In sympathetic why is the preganglion neuron short and the post neuron long?
Because the preganlionic neuron only goes to the para and prevertebral ganglia which are close to the spinal cord where as the postganglionic neuron innervates effector cells distant to the ganglia so needs to be long. Slide 7
Where do the parasympathetic preganglionic neurones synapse with the postganglionic neurones?
In the terminal ganglia distant to the CNS. Slide 7
What colour do myelinated and non myelinated neurones appear like?
Myelinated are white, non myelinated are grey. Slide 7
Which neuron fibres are largely unmyelinated?
The postganglionic fibres in both ANS divisions. Slide 7
What are Motor B-fibres?
They are the myelinated preganglionic fibres in both ANS divisions. Slide 7
Where are the paravertebral ganglia situated?
In the sympathetic chains next to the spinal cord. Slide 8
What are the 4 prevertebral ganglia in the sympathetic system?
Coeliac, aorticorticorenal, superior and inferior mesenteric. Slide 8
What is special about the adrenal gland in regards to the its sympathetic outflow?
The adrenal gland is innervated by a preganglionic neurone with ACh transmitter as the medulla of the gland releases A /NA as hormones. Slide 8
Where are the preganglionic fibre cell bodies found in the spinal cord?
The intermediolaterial cell column (lateral horn). Slide 9
Whats the difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?
Eccrine are thermoregulatory and have ACh as the transmitter in the sympathetic system not adrenoceptors where as apocrine is normal sympathetic post ganglionic with adrenergic receptors. Slide 10
What other neurotransmitters in addition to NA are there in the post ganglionic fibres?
Adenosine triphosphate and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Slide 10
Where does the parasympathetic outflow occur from?
Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X, and sacral spinal nerves S2-S4. Slide 11
Where are the preganglionic fibre cell bodies located in the parasympathetic outflow?
The brainstem and the sacral segments (2-4). Slide 12
What makes up the brainstem in the parasympathetic outflow?
The midbrain, pons and medulla. Slide 12
What cranial nerve comes out the midbrain and to what ganglion?
CNN III and the ciliary. Slide 12
What cranial nerve comes out the Pons and to what ganglion?
CN VII and the pterygopalatine and the submandibular. Slide 12
What cranial nerve comes out the medulla and to what ganglion?
CN IX and the otic ganglion. Slide 12
