Anatomy - Bones, Cartilage and Joints Flashcards
What 2 things make up the skeleton?
Bones and cartilage. Slide 2
What are the four functions of bone?
Support and protection, calcium metabolism, RBC formation and attachment for skeletal muscles. Slide 2
How many types of joints are there in the skeleton?
27 approx.
What are the joints in the skull?
Craniovertebral and the temporomandibular joints. Slide 4
What are the joints in the chest, shoulders, spine and pelvic girdle?
Acromioclavicular, shoulder, sternoclavicular, sternal angle, costochondral, sternocostal, costovertebral, intervertebral discs, facet, sacroiliac, hip and pubic symphysis joints. Slide 4
What are the joints in the upper limb?
elbow, proximal radioulnar, distal radioulnar, wrist, metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and interphalangeal(PIP&DIP) joints. Slide 4
What are the joints in the lower limb?
Knee, proximal and distal tibiofibular, ankle (talocrural), subtalar, midtarsal and MTP, PIP, DIP joints. Slide 4
What are the 3 main different types of joints?
Cartilaginous, fibrous and synovial. Slide 5
Where a joint has increased mobility it has…..
Decreased stability. Slide 5
There are 3 subgroups in fibrous joints, what are they called and their properties?
Syndesmoses - unites bones with fibrous sheets e.g. interosseous membranes
Sutures - between bones of skulls, very stable e.g. coronal suture.
Fontanelles - wide sutures in the neonatal skull. Slide 6
Describe the 3 types of fontanelles and what their purpose is?
There is posterior, anterior and lateral fontanelles. They allow the bones of the skull to slip over each other making the babies head smaller when moving through the birth canal and is called moulding. Slide 7
What are the 2 subgroups of cartilaginous joints?
Primary and secondary cartilaginous joints.
Primary - (synchondroses) are usually in the long bones and fuse bones together.
Secondary - (Symphyses) are strong with fibrocartilage between so they don’t ossify and never fuse. Slide 8
What is an example of a slipped primary and secondary cartilaginous joint?
Primary - Left femoral epiphysis slipped in hip bone.
Secondary - Slipped disc between vertebrae, where the inner soft nucleus pulposus pushes out through the outer fibrous annulus fibrous and compresses spinal cord. Slide 9+10
What are the 8 typical features of synovial joints?
-2 or more bones
-Articulating with each other
articular surfaces covered in hyaline
-A capsule is around the joint
-A joint cavity which has synovial fluid
-Supported by ligaments
-Associated with skeletal muscles and tendons
- Associated with bursae (fluid filled pouch)
- Can have special features. Slide 11
What does synovial fluid allow?
Slick articulation at joints. Slide 11
What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joints and describe them?
Ball & socket - multi-axial movement e.g. hip joint
Pivot - 45 degrees rotation e.g. atlanto axial joint
Plane - min. movement within 1 plane e.g. acromioclavicular joint
Hinge - reasonable movement in 1 plane e.g. elbow
Biaxial - range of movement in one plane, less in another. Two types saddle e.g. carpometacarpal joint
Condyloid e.g. metacarpalphalangeal joint. Slide 12
What is the most stable joint to the least stable joint?
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial. Slide 13
What determines stability in joints?
The shape and fit, if it is a shallow socket, less stable, a deeper socket is more stable. Slide 13
What are the normal ranges of the shoulder joint? (don’t need to know in year 1)
Flexion - 180 Extension - 90 Abduction - 180 Adduction - 45 (not assessed clinically) Internal rotation - 90 External rotation 60. Slide 14
What are the normal ranges of the hip joint? (don’t need to know in year 1)
Flexion - 135 Extension - 15 (not assessed clinically) Abduction - 45 Adduction - 30 Internal rotation - 35 External rotation - 45. Slide 14
What is subluxation?
When there is a reduced area of contact between articular surfaces. Slide 15
What is dislocation?
When there is complete loss of contact between articular surfaces. Slide 15
Where are the most common dislocations in the head?
Craniovertebral joints and the temporomandibular joints. Slide 16
Where are the most common dislocations in the upper body?
Acromioclavicular, shoulder, elbow and interphalangeal joints. Slide 16
Where are the most common dislocations in the lower body?
The hip, pubic symphysis, knee and ankle joints. Slide 16
Which parts make up the temporomandibular joint?
The mandibular fossa, the articular tubercle and the head of the condylar process of the mandible. Slide 17
What bone is the articular tubercle on?
The temporal bone superiorly. Slide 17
What is the special feature of the temporomandibular joint?
It is a synovia joint and has an articular disc. The disc splits the synovial cavity into two sections, a superior and inferior articular cavity. Slide 18
What happens when the temporomandibular joint dislocates?
The head of the condylar process of the mandible becomes ‘stuck’ anterior to the articular tubercle of the temporal bone. Slide 19
Is a dislocation of the temporomandibular joint always bilateral?
No, it can be unilateral too. Slide 20
Do joints have great sensory nerve and blood supplies? If so, why?
They do, sensory nerves detect pain, temp., joint position. Arteries supply joints and there are also periarticular arterial anastomoses. This means that if you flex your knee, the blood supply won’t be completely cut off. Slide 21
