Anatomy - Bones and Fractures Flashcards
What does ossification mean?
Bone formation. Slide 2
What is intramembranous ossification?
When bone forms within a membrane. Slide 2
What is endochondral ossification?
Bone which forms within the cartilage. Slide 2
Describe endochondral ossification.
An initial small part of hyaline cartilage grows into bone (ossifies). Slide 2
Describe the development of bone.
A bone-y collar forms around the cartilage, so no nutrient supply can penetrate and cartilage beings to die. This causes angiogenic signals to be sent out due to lack of blood supply. Blood supply brings osteogenic cells to form more bone. Slide 2
What is the cartilages role in development of bone?
It acts as a bone template (looks like a smaller version of bone). Slide 2
What is the epiphysis?
The end parts of the bone, there are two of them. Slide 2
What is the epiphyseal growth plate? and where is it?
The growth plate is where the bone grows longitudinally and is after the epiphysis. When it ossifies, maximum height has been reached. Slide 2
Where is the metaphysis?
After the epiphyseal growth plate. Slide 2
Where is the diaphysis?
It is the middle section of the bone. Slide 2
what does Physis mean?
Growth Slide 2
There is 2 parts of the bone, what are they?
Outer cortex and inner medulla. Slide 3
What are the characteristics of the outer cortex?
Dense, strong and heavy. It has compact (cortical) bone. Slide 3
What are the characteristics of the inner medulla?
More porous and weaker. More spongy as it has cancellous bone (meshwork). It may also contain bone marrow for cell production. Slide 3
Which parts of the bone tend to have cancellous (spongey) bone?
Proximal and distal. Slide 3
What is the periosteum?
It is the fibrous connective tissue membrane surrounding the outer cortex. Slide 4
What does the periosteum do?
It contains nerve, blood and lymph supply. So when it is teared, results in extreme brain e.g. bone fractures. It supplies nutrients to the medullary cavity through blood vessels that penetrate the hard bone. Slide 4
Why does the neck of the femur contribute to increased incidence of fracture?
It has less compact bone and is thin with an angled structure. Slide 5
Why are fractures of the clavicle common?
Weakest junction between middle and lateral thirds. When you fall onto outstretched hand it often breaks clavicle in the mid-clavicle region. Slide 5
How does a fracture heal?
The callus of immature bone surrounds fracture line, where the callus reassumes normal shape, remodelling it.
Lamellar bone is the mature bone formed from it. Slide 6
There are two ways a fracture can be set to heal, what are they and describe them.
Reduction which is when a surgeon etc manually realign the bones, and fixation which is when they are held together by screws or plates. Slide 6
What are the two ways bony features develop during bone growth?
Functional - genetic and an adjacent structure e.g. an artery applying pressure and carving out on the bone. Slide 7
What are the names of the 3 fossae?
Anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, posterior cranial fossa. Slide 8
Why is the cranial cavity that shape?
The brain moulded the floor during development. Slide 8
What is a foraminae and what is the purpose?
It is a hole for cranial nerves and vessels to enter and exit e.g. Foramine magnum for the brain stem. Slide 8
There are two major divisions in the skeleton, what are they?
Axial skeleton which is the central axis of the skeleton (skull, neck and chest), and the appendicular skeleton, which is the pectoral and pelvis girdle and the upper and lower limbs. Slide 9
How do you separate the viscerocranium and the neurocranium?
Draw a line, representing the base of the skull, from just above the eyesockets to just below the ear hole, below the line is the facial skeleton, above is the cranial vault. Slide 10
There are 5 bones of the cranial vault. What are they and which ones have pairs?
Sphenoid bone, frontal bone, temporal bone (pair), parietal bone (pair) and the occipital bone. Slide 11
From the lateral side, which suture do you see?
The coronal suture. Slide 11
From the posterior view, which suture do you see?
The sagittal suture. Slide 12
From viewing the cranial cavity of the skull from a superior view, what do you see only to this view?
The full sphenoid bone and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. Slide 13
There are 4 bones to the facial skeleton, what are they?
The nasal bone, the zygomatic bone, the maxilla and the mandible. Slide 14
Where are the Le Fort Fractures and what are they called?
Le Fort I - a line underneath the nasal bone on the maxilla.
Le Fort II - separating the maxilla from the zygoma.
Le Fort III - Separating the neurocranium from the visceralcranium. Slide 15
What are the 8 fractures of the mandible?
The coronoid process, the mental process, the mental foramen, the body, the lower border of the mandible, the angle, the ramus and the condylar process. Slide 16
List the 8 fractures of the mandible anterior to posterior from a lateral POV.
Mental process Mental foramen Body Lower border of mandible Coronoid process Angle Ramus Conylar process. Slide 16
Why does the mandible not push up into the skull when hit?
It fractures instead to prevent brain damage. Slide 16
How many vertebrae are there in total?
- Slide 17
How many cervical vertebrae are there and where are they?
7 (C1-C7) and they are in the neck. Slide 17
How many thoracic vertebrae are there and where are they?
12 (T1-T12) and they are in the back. Slide 17
How many lumbar vertebrae are there and where are they?
5 (L1-L5) and they are in the lower back. Slide 17
How many sacral vertebrae are there and where are they?
5 (fused to form one sacrum) and it is in between the pelvis. Slide 17
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there and where are they?
4 (fuse to form one coccyx) and it is at the end of the spine. Slide 17
Why do vertebrae vary in size?
Depending on load. The vertebrae become larger as they bear more weight and shrink when weight is predominantly on hips. Slide 17
There are two curvatures of the vertebral column, what are they called and their characteristics.
Primary and secondary curvature. Primary curves concavely anteriorly whereas secondary curves convexly anteriorly. Slide 18
What is the first curve a newborn has?
A secondary curvature due to independent neck control. Slide 18
There are 4 types of processes on a typical vertebrae, what are they called?
Spinous process, Transverse process x 2, inferior articular process x 2 and superior articular process x 2. Slide 19
Other than the 4 types of processes, what else makes up a typical vertebrae?
A vertebral foramen, a vertebral body and the vertebral arch which consists of 2 pedicles and 2 lamina. Slide 19
What does the vertebral arch do?
Protects the spinal cord and connects the neural arch to the vertebrae. Slide 19
What does the vertebral foramen do?
Transmits and protects the spinal cord. Slide 19
What does the transverse process do?
Ligament, muscle and rib articulations. Slide 19
What does the spinous process do?
Ligament and muscle attachments. Slide 19
What does the inferior and superior articular process do?
Mobility with adjacent vertebrae via synovial joints. Slide 19
What is the intervertebral foramen?
The hole between adjacent vertebrae where spinal nerves emerge. Slide 20
What is the facet joint?
It is the joint between the articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae. Slide 20
There are 3 atypical shaped cervical vertebrae, what are their names?
C1 - Atlas
C2 - Axis
C7 - Vertebrae prominens. Slide 21
What is unique about C1?
Does not have a body or spinous process, instead has a posterior and anterior arch. Slide 21
What is unique about C2?
Has an odontoid process and projects superiorly from body of vertebrae. Slide 21
What is unique about C7?
The first palpable spinous process in 70% of people and can be palpated in the midline of the posterior neck. Slide 21
How many pairs of ribs are there normally?
12 pairs. Slide 22
There are 3 types of ribs, what are they called?
True ribs, false ribs and floating ribs. Slide 22
What ribs are included in the true ribs?
from ribs 1 - 7, the rib 1 is protected by the clavicle. Slide 22
What ribs are included in the false ribs?
Ribs 8 - 10 and attach to the costal cartilage margin. Slide 22
What ribs are included in the floating ribs?
11 and 12, they are not attached to the sternum. They float freely in abdominal musculature. Slide 22
What bones are in the pectoral girdle?
2 scapulae and 2 clavicles. NOT THE HUMERUS. Slide 23
What bones are in the pelvic girdle?
2 hip bones and the sacrum. Slide 23
What parts are in the upper limb?
The arm, forearm and the hand. Slide 24
What parts are in the lower limb?
The thigh, leg and foot. Slide 24
What bone(s) is in the arm?
The humerus. Slide 25
What bone(s) is in the forearm?
The radius and ulna. Slide 25
What bone(s) make up the hand?
carpal bones (wrist)
metacarpals (palm)
Phalanges (fingers). Slide 25
What bone(s) make up the thigh?
The femur. Slide 25
What bone(s) make up the leg?
Tibia and fibula. Slide 25
What bone(s) make up the foot?
Tarsal bones (hindfoot) Metatarsal bones (forefoot) Phalanges (toes). Slide 25
