Pharmacology Flashcards
Drug Hypersensitivity
An immune-mediated reaction to a Drug.
Beta-blocker
A class of medications to manage abnormal heart rhythms and decrease activity of the heart by blocking the action of hormones like Adrenaline.
They reduce blood pressure.
Suffix for Beta-Blockers is __
-ol
Steroids or Corticosteroids
Anti-inflammatory medicines
Topical
Medications are ointments, creams, and solutions that are applied to your skin.
How do Topical Agents work?
At the site of administration to relieve pain, reduce swelling, or stop the infection.
Drug Regimen
A systematic plan (as of diet, therapy, or medication) especially when designed to improve and maintain the health of a patient.
Once a drug enters into __________ by absorption or direct administration, it must be distributed into interstitial and intracellular fluids.
Each organ or tissue can receive different doses of the drug and the drug can remain in the different organs or tissues for a varying amount of time.
Systemic Circulation
Bioavailability
Refers to the extent and rate at which the active moiety (drug or metabolite) enters systemic circulation, thereby accessing the site of action.
Topical
Relating or applied directly to a part of the body.
First pass metabolism
A phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug, specifically when administered orally, is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation.
Parenteral
Administered or occurring elsewhere in the body than the mouth and alimentary canal.
Retention Time
The amount of time a compound spends on the column after it has been injected.
If a sample containing several compounds, each compound in the sample will spend a different amount of time on the column according to its chemical composition i.e. each will have a different retention time.
Local effects of a drug
The impact of a Therapeutic agent on specific tissues rather than on the whole body, especially on those tissues where the agent is absorbed, metabolized, or most chemically active.
Polypharmacy
The concurrent use of multiple medications by a patient, typically 5 or more.
Drug counselling process
:)
Prodrug
A compound that after administration is metabolized into a pharmacologically active drug.
Prodrugs are designed to improve bioavailability when a drug itself is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Lipophilicity
The affinity of a drug for a lipid environment.
Hydrophilicity
The affinity of a drug to Water, readily dissolving in water.
Anionic
Negatively charged ion
Cationic
Positively charged ion
Vehicle
An inert medium in which a medically active agent is adminstered.
Growth factor
A substance like a Vitamin or Hormone which is required for the stimulation of growth in living cells.
Prostaglandin Analogues
Ocular Hypotensive Drugs that are used to treat Open-Angle Glaucoma and lower IOP by increasing the Uveoscleral Outflow.
Pilocarpine
Used to lower IOP and treat dry mouth.
It managed Angle-closure Glaucoma.
Mechanism of action of Pilocarpine -
A Cholinergic Parasympathomimetic agent.
It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors.
Immunosuppressive Drugs
Medicines that lower the bodys ability to reject a transplanted organ
Anticoagulant
Blood thinners to prevent the clotting of blood.
Bioequivalence
The property wherein two drugs with identical active ingredients or two different dosage forms of the same drug possess similar bioavailability and produce the same effect at the site of physiological activity
What are the 4 Ocular side effect of Corticosteroids?
- Steroid-induced Glaucoma
- Posterior Subcapsular Cataract Formation
- Delayed Wound healing
- Increased susceptibility to infection
The risk of Steroid-Induced Glaucoma depends on?
- The duration of use
2. The potency of the Steroid
Anterior Uveitis Treatment -
Gutt. Topical Corticosteroids like Prednisolone Acetate 1% to reduce inflammation
Agonist Drug
Mimics the action of the natural neurotransmitter e.g. Phenyephrine
Adrenergic Antagonism can cause ____
Ptosis
The Oculosympathetic Pathway starts in the ____________
Hypothalamus
Postganglionic Autonomic Neurotransmission involves ________
Noradrenaline in the Sympathetic System
The ganglion associated with the Oculoparasympathetic Pathway is ___
Ciliary
Ach is terminated by…..
Acetylcholinesterase on the Post-synaptic membrane
What ionic exchange facilitates fusion of vesicles with the axon membrane -
Calcium
Synthetic Drug
A drug with properties and effects similar to a known hallucinogen or narcotic but having a slightly altered chemical structure, especially such a drug created in order to evade restrictions against illegal substances.
