Pharmacology

Question 1

Drug Hypersensitivity

Answer 1

An immune-mediated reaction to a Drug.

Question 2

Beta-blocker

Answer 2

A class of medications to manage abnormal heart rhythms and decrease activity of the heart by blocking the action of hormones like Adrenaline.

They reduce blood pressure.

Question 3

Suffix for Beta-Blockers is __

Answer 3

-ol

Question 4

Steroids or Corticosteroids

Answer 4

Anti-inflammatory medicines

Question 5

Topical

Answer 5

Medications are ointments, creams, and solutions that are applied to your skin.

Question 6

How do Topical Agents work?

Answer 6

At the site of administration to relieve pain, reduce swelling, or stop the infection.

Question 7

Drug Regimen

Answer 7

A systematic plan (as of diet, therapy, or medication) especially when designed to improve and maintain the health of a patient.

Question 8

Once a drug enters into __________ by absorption or direct administration, it must be distributed into interstitial and intracellular fluids.

Each organ or tissue can receive different doses of the drug and the drug can remain in the different organs or tissues for a varying amount of time.

Answer 8

Systemic Circulation

Question 9

Bioavailability

Answer 9

Refers to the extent and rate at which the active moiety (drug or metabolite) enters systemic circulation, thereby accessing the site of action.

Question 10

Topical

Answer 10

Relating or applied directly to a part of the body.

Question 11

First pass metabolism

Answer 11

A phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug, specifically when administered orally, is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation.

Question 12

Parenteral

Answer 12

Administered or occurring elsewhere in the body than the mouth and alimentary canal.

Question 13

Retention Time

Answer 13

The amount of time a compound spends on the column after it has been injected.

If a sample containing several compounds, each compound in the sample will spend a different amount of time on the column according to its chemical composition i.e. each will have a different retention time.

Question 14

Local effects of a drug

Answer 14

The impact of a Therapeutic agent on specific tissues rather than on the whole body, especially on those tissues where the agent is absorbed, metabolized, or most chemically active.

Question 15

Polypharmacy

Answer 15

The concurrent use of multiple medications by a patient, typically 5 or more.

Question 16

Drug counselling process

Answer 16

:)

Question 17

Prodrug

Answer 17

A compound that after administration is metabolized into a pharmacologically active drug.

Prodrugs are designed to improve bioavailability when a drug itself is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 18

Lipophilicity

Answer 18

The affinity of a drug for a lipid environment.

Question 19

Hydrophilicity

Answer 19

The affinity of a drug to Water, readily dissolving in water.

Question 20

Anionic

Answer 20

Negatively charged ion

Question 21

Cationic

Answer 21

Positively charged ion

Question 22

Vehicle

Answer 22

An inert medium in which a medically active agent is adminstered.

Question 23

Growth factor

Answer 23

A substance like a Vitamin or Hormone which is required for the stimulation of growth in living cells.

Question 24

Prostaglandin Analogues

Answer 24

Ocular Hypotensive Drugs that are used to treat Open-Angle Glaucoma and lower IOP by increasing the Uveoscleral Outflow.

Question 25

Pilocarpine

Answer 25

Used to lower IOP and treat dry mouth. | It managed Angle-closure Glaucoma.

Question 26

Mechanism of action of Pilocarpine -

Answer 26

A Cholinergic Parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors.

Question 27

Immunosuppressive Drugs

Answer 27

Medicines that lower the bodys ability to reject a transplanted organ

Question 28

Anticoagulant

Answer 28

Blood thinners to prevent the clotting of blood.

Question 29

Bioequivalence

Answer 29

The property wherein two drugs with identical active ingredients or two different dosage forms of the same drug possess similar bioavailability and produce the same effect at the site of physiological activity

Question 30

What are the 4 Ocular side effect of Corticosteroids?

Answer 30

1. Steroid-induced Glaucoma 2. Posterior Subcapsular Cataract Formation 3. Delayed Wound healing 4. Increased susceptibility to infection

Question 31

The risk of Steroid-Induced Glaucoma depends on?

Answer 31

1. The duration of use | 2. The potency of the Steroid

Question 32

Anterior Uveitis Treatment -

Answer 32

Gutt. Topical Corticosteroids like Prednisolone Acetate 1% to reduce inflammation

Question 33

Agonist Drug

Answer 33

Mimics the action of the natural neurotransmitter e.g. Phenyephrine

Question 34

Adrenergic Antagonism can cause ____

Answer 34

Ptosis

Question 35

The Oculosympathetic Pathway starts in the ____________

Answer 35

Hypothalamus

Question 36

Postganglionic Autonomic Neurotransmission involves ________

Answer 36

Noradrenaline in the Sympathetic System

Question 37

The ganglion associated with the Oculoparasympathetic Pathway is ___

Answer 37

Ciliary

Question 38

Ach is terminated by.....

Answer 38

Acetylcholinesterase on the Post-synaptic membrane

Question 39

What ionic exchange facilitates fusion of vesicles with the axon membrane -

Answer 39

Calcium

Question 40

Synthetic Drug

Answer 40

A drug with properties and effects similar to a known hallucinogen or narcotic but having a slightly altered chemical structure, especially such a drug created in order to evade restrictions against illegal substances.