Pathology

Question 1

What is a common Red Reflex disease?

Answer 1

Retinoblastoma

Question 2

What is Retinoblastoma?

Answer 2

Rare malignant tumour of the retina affecting young children.

Question 3

What are the common signs of Retinoblastoma?

Answer 3

• White reflection in the pupil
• Squint
• Change in colour of the Iris
• Red or Inflamed eye though child won’t complain of any pain.
• Poor vision

Question 4

What is Microphthalmia?

Answer 4

A congenital abnormality which is characterised by an abnormally small globe and correspondingly small orbit.

Question 5

What is Anophthalmia?

Answer 5

A birth defect where there is an absence of one or both eyes.

Complete agenesis of the globe.
The condition is caused by optic vesicle atrophy very early in embryogenesis.

Question 6

What causes Anophthalmia?

Answer 6

No conclusive aetiology.

Causes may include:
- Genetic mutations and abnormal chromosomes.

Researchers also believe that environmental factors, such as exposure to X-rays, chemicals, drugs, pesticides, toxins, radiation, or viruses, increase the risk of anophthalmia and microphthalmia, but research is not conclusive.

Question 7

How common is Anophthalmia?

Answer 7

3 out of 100,000 births

Question 8

How common is Microphthalmia?

Answer 8

1 in every 10,000 births

Question 9

Neuralgia

Answer 9

Intense, typically intermittent pain along the course of a nerve, especially in the head or face.

Question 10

Neurologic Deficit

Answer 10

Refers to abnormal function of a body area.

This altered function is due to weaker function of the brain, spinal cord, muscles, or nerves.

Question 11

Focal Neurologic Deficit

Answer 11

A problem with the nerve, spinal cord, or brain function.

It affects a specific location, such as the left side of the face, right arm, or even a small area such as the tongue.

Speech, vision, and hearing problems are also considered focal neurological deficits.

Question 12

Examples of Neurological Deficit:

Answer 12

1. Horners Syndrome
2. Abnormal blood vessels (vascular malformation)
3. Brain tumour
4. Cerebral palsy
5. Degenerative nerve illness like MS
6. Disorders of a single nerve or nerve group like Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
7. Infection of the brain like: Meningitis or Encephalitis
8. Injury
9. Stroke

Question 13

Ocular Toxicity

Answer 13

Exposure of ocular tissues to xenobiotics.

It is induced following local exposure of the eye to an agent or after exposure via oral or other administration routes.

Question 14

Infarction

Answer 14

Is tissue death due to inadequate blood supply to the affected area.

It may be caused by Artery blockages, rupture, mechanical compression, or Vasoconstriction.

Question 15

Necrosis

Answer 15

The death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply.