Anterior Eye

Question 1

What is Entropian?

Answer 1

When the lower eyelid folds inwards.

This can cause Trichiasis

Question 2

What is Ectropion?

Answer 2

When the lower eyelid folds outwards.

Question 3

What is Trichiasis?

Answer 3

Abnormally positioned eyelashes that grow back toward the eye, touching the cornea or conjunctiva.

Question 4

What is Keratoconus?

Answer 4

Where the cornea progressively thins and bulges into a cone shape.

The cone shape deflects light as it enters the eye to the retina, causing distorted vision.

Question 5

What is one method that gives a positive indication for Keratoconus?

Answer 5

Munsons Sign

V-shaped indentation observed in the lower eyelid when the patient’s gaze is directed downwards.

Question 6

What is Arcus Senilis?

Answer 6

There appears to be a white/blue opaque ring around the corneal margin.

Old age Syndrome

Question 7

What does Arcus Senilis indicate?

Answer 7

Arcus is a sign of disturbance in lipid metabolism.

An indicator for conditions like:

• Hypercholesterolemia
• Hyperlipoproteinemia
• Hyperlipidemia.

Question 8

Is Arcus Senilis reversable?

Answer 8

Arcus is Irreversible.

There is no evidence that lowering cholesterol intake will make it disappear.

Question 9

What is Iris Coloboma?

Answer 9

Congenital abnormality - Hole in Iris, retina, choroid etc resulting in a keyhole-shaped pupil.

Question 10

What is the cause of Iris Coloboma?

Answer 10

They are caused by failure of the embryonic fissure to close in the 5th week of gestation, resulting in a “keyhole-shaped” pupil.

Posterior colobomas develop secondary to incomplete optic fissure closure.

As the tissue fails to close, the developing fetus experiences overlying retinal, choroidal and optic nerve hypoplasia.

Question 11

How rare is Iris Coloboma?

Answer 11

1 in 10,000 people

Question 12

Rubeosis Iridis

Answer 12

New abnormal blood vessels formed by neovascularization are found on the surface of the iris.

Associated with Advanced DR

Question 13

Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy (PPMD)

Answer 13

A rare, bilateral, autosomal dominant inherited corneal dystrophy.

The corneal abnormality in PPMD occurs at the level of Descemet’s membrane and endothelium and rarely will result in corneal oedema or elevated intraocular pressure.

Question 14

What descriptive features does PPMD present?

Answer 14

1. Endothelial vesicle-like lesions
2. Band lesions aka Snail trails
3. Diffuse deep stromal opacities

Question 15

Epiphora

Answer 15

Refers to watering due to obstruction in the lacrimal outflow pathway.

Question 16

Hyperlacrimation

Answer 16

Refers to excessive watering due to reflex irritation of the corneal and conjunctival surface as in cases of dry eye, corneal abrasion, corneal foreign body.

Question 17

Blepharoptosis | Ptosis

Answer 17

Abnormal low-lying upper eyelid margin with the eye in primary gaze i.e. droopy eyelid caused by muscle weakness - Levator Palpebrae Superiosis.

Normally, the upper lid covers 1.0-2.0mm of the superior part of the cornea.

Question 18

Dacryocystitis

Answer 18

Infection of the tear (lacrimal) sac usually due to a blockage in the tear (nasolacrimal) duct.

Question 19

Treatment for Dacryocystitis

Answer 19

Oral Antibiotics

Question 20

Eyelid laxity

Answer 20

Refers to a clinical picture of easily distractible upper and/or lower eyelid margins away from the eye.

Question 21

Cause of Eyelid laxity

Answer 21

Weakness of Tarsal plate and canthal tendon

Question 22

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Answer 22

Cancer of the skin around the eye

Question 23

Malignant Melanoma

Answer 23

Skin cancer caused by overexposure of UV to the melanocytes.

Question 24

Pituitary Adenomas

Answer 24

Tumour of the Pituitary.

Question 25

Allergic Conjunctivitis =

Answer 25

Inflammed Lacrimal Caruncle + Itchy Eye