Anterior Eye Flashcards
What is Entropian?
When the lower eyelid folds inwards.
This can cause Trichiasis
What is Ectropion?
When the lower eyelid folds outwards.
What is Trichiasis?
Abnormally positioned eyelashes that grow back toward the eye, touching the cornea or conjunctiva.
What is Keratoconus?
Where the cornea progressively thins and bulges into a cone shape.
The cone shape deflects light as it enters the eye to the retina, causing distorted vision.
What is one method that gives a positive indication for Keratoconus?
Munsons Sign
V-shaped indentation observed in the lower eyelid when the patient’s gaze is directed downwards.
What is Arcus Senilis?
There appears to be a white/blue opaque ring around the corneal margin.
Old age Syndrome
What does Arcus Senilis indicate?
Arcus is a sign of disturbance in lipid metabolism.
An indicator for conditions like:
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Hyperlipoproteinemia
- Hyperlipidemia.
Is Arcus Senilis reversable?
Arcus is Irreversible.
There is no evidence that lowering cholesterol intake will make it disappear.
What is Iris Coloboma?
Congenital abnormality - Hole in Iris, retina, choroid etc resulting in a keyhole-shaped pupil.
What is the cause of Iris Coloboma?
They are caused by failure of the embryonic fissure to close in the 5th week of gestation, resulting in a “keyhole-shaped” pupil.
Posterior colobomas develop secondary to incomplete optic fissure closure.
As the tissue fails to close, the developing fetus experiences overlying retinal, choroidal and optic nerve hypoplasia.
How rare is Iris Coloboma?
1 in 10,000 people
Rubeosis Iridis
New abnormal blood vessels formed by neovascularization are found on the surface of the iris.
Associated with Advanced DR
Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy (PPMD)
A rare, bilateral, autosomal dominant inherited corneal dystrophy.
The corneal abnormality in PPMD occurs at the level of Descemet’s membrane and endothelium and rarely will result in corneal oedema or elevated intraocular pressure.
What descriptive features does PPMD present?
- Endothelial vesicle-like lesions
- Band lesions aka Snail trails
- Diffuse deep stromal opacities
Epiphora
Refers to watering due to obstruction in the lacrimal outflow pathway.
Hyperlacrimation
Refers to excessive watering due to reflex irritation of the corneal and conjunctival surface as in cases of dry eye, corneal abrasion, corneal foreign body.
Blepharoptosis | Ptosis
Abnormal low-lying upper eyelid margin with the eye in primary gaze i.e. droopy eyelid caused by muscle weakness - Levator Palpebrae Superiosis.
Normally, the upper lid covers 1.0-2.0mm of the superior part of the cornea.
Dacryocystitis
Infection of the tear (lacrimal) sac usually due to a blockage in the tear (nasolacrimal) duct.
Treatment for Dacryocystitis
Oral Antibiotics
Eyelid laxity
Refers to a clinical picture of easily distractible upper and/or lower eyelid margins away from the eye.
Cause of Eyelid laxity
Weakness of Tarsal plate and canthal tendon
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Cancer of the skin around the eye
Malignant Melanoma
Skin cancer caused by overexposure of UV to the melanocytes.
Pituitary Adenomas
Tumour of the Pituitary.
Allergic Conjunctivitis =
Inflammed Lacrimal Caruncle + Itchy Eye
