Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

GI: Key Information > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

side effect of CCBs and phenytoin

A

gingival hypertrophy due to biting own gums

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

three drug classes that reduce acid secretion

A
  1. proton pump inhibitors
  2. histamine H2 receptor antagonists
  3. muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

example of a PPI

A

omeprazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

features of PPIs

A
  • activated in an acidic environment

- repeat dosing required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are PPIs used in?

A
  • peptic ulcer
  • GORD
  • Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

examples of H2RAs

A

ranitidine

cimetidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are H2RAs used in?

A

peptic ulcer

reflux oesophagitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

example of ACh receptor antagonist

A

pirenzepine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

use of ACh receptor antagonists

A

now obsolete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

two mucosal strengtheners

A
  1. sucralfate

2. bismuth chealate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

features of sucralfate

A

bind to positively charged ulcer base increasing mucus, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

features of bismuth chealate

A

toxic towards H. pylori (in combination with antibiotics and H2RAs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are laxatives

A

agents used to treat constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are purgatives

A

agents used to promote evacuation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when should laxatives and purgatives not be used?

A

if there is a physical bowel obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when should laxatives and purgatives be used?

A
  • staining damaging to health (angina)
  • defecation is painful (haemorrhoids)
  • purge the bowel before surgery
  • treat drug-induced or bedridden constipation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

mechanism of action of bulk laxatives

A

indigestible polysaccharide polymers that improve stool consistency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

example of a bulk laxative

A

methycellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

examples of stimulant purgatives

A
  • bisacodyl

- sodium picosulfate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mechanism of action of osmotic laxatives

A

poorly absorbed solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

examples of osmotic laxatives

A

magnesium sulfate
magnesium hydroxide
sodium citrate
lactulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

examples of faecal softeners

A

docusate sodium orally

arachis oil as enema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

two examples of glucocorticoids used in IBD

A

prednisolone

budesonide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which IBD are aminosalicylates used in?

25
examples of aminosalicylates
- sulfasalazine - mesalazine - olsalazine - balsalazide
26
drug and radiation-induced emesis
- chemotherapy and radiotherapy release 5-HT and substance P - PONV (anaesthetic) - dopamine agonists D2 receptor in CTZ e.g. levodopa - morphine - cardiac glycosides e.g. digoxin
27
six classes of anti-emetic drugs
1. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists 2. muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists 3. histamine H1 receptor antagonists 4. dopamine receptor antagonists 5. NK1 receptor antagonists 6. CB1 receptor agonists
28
examples of 5-HT3 antagonists
ondansetron | palonosetron
29
what are 5-HT3 antagonists used in?
- chemotherapy and radiation-induced emesis | - PONV
30
what happens in subsequent treatments of 5-HT3
become less effective (overcome by addition of corticosteroid and NK1 receptor antagonist)
31
adverse of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists
constipation | headaches
32
examples of muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists used in motion sickness
hyosine | scopolamine
33
what are muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists used in?
motion sickness (block at multiple sites)
34
adverse of muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists in motion sickness
block parasympathetic ANS causing blurred vision, urinary retention, dry mouth and sedation
35
examples of histamine H1 receptor antagonists
cyclizine | cinnarizine
36
what are histamine receptor antagonists used in?
- motion sickness - acute labyrinthitis - irritants in the stomach
37
what do histamine H1 receptor antagonists block?
vestibular nuclei | NTS
38
adverse of H1 receptor antagonists
CNS depression and sedation
39
examples of dopamine receptor antagonists
domperidone | metoclopramide
40
when are dopamine receptor antagonists used?
drug induced vomiting | GI disorders
41
mechanism of action of dopamine receptor antagonists
block D2 and D3 in CTZ
42
adverse of metoclopramide (crosses BBB)
disorders of movement
43
example of NK1 receptor antagonist
aprepitant
44
when are NK1 receptor antagonists used?
in combination with 5-HT3 and dexamethasone in delayed phase
45
example of CB1 receptor agonists
nabilone
46
when are CB1 receptor agonists used
if other chemo-induced emesis drugs are ineffective
47
example of anti-motility agents used in diarrhoea (morphine-like/opioid drugs)
- codeine - loperamide - diphenoxylate
48
when is ursodeoxycholic acid used?
dissolve small or medium sized gall stones
49
adverse of ursodeoxycholic acid?
diarrhoea
50
what is given to relieve biliary spasm
atropine | GTN
51
examples of bile acid sequestrants
colveselam colestipol colestyramine
52
mechanism of action of bile acid sequestrants
bind to bile acids and prevent there reabsorption
53
when are bile acid sequestrants used?
Hyperlipidaemia cholestatic jaundice (itch) bile acid diarrhoea
54
adverse of bile acid sequestrants
- diarrhoea | - reduced absorption of fat soluble vitamins and thiazides
55
describe hepatic encephalopathy
in hepatic failure detoxification of urea fails leading to toxic levels of NH3 affecting the CNS
56
two treatment options for hepatic encephalopathy
- lactulose | - antibiotics
57
role of lactulose in hepatic encephalopathy
converts NH3 to NH4+
58
antibiotics role in hepatic encephalopathy
suppress colonic flora and inhibit ammonia generation
59
examples of antibiotics used in hepatic encephalopathy
neomycin | rifamixin

GI: Key Information (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions