Anatomy Flashcards
retroperitoneal parts of the colon
ascending colon
descending colon
intraperitoneal parts of the colon
caecum
transverse colon
sigmoid colon
what runs through the colon
teniae coli with omental appendices
define parabolic gutters
pus collection common between lateral aspects of the ascending and descending colon
most common position of the appendix
retrocaecal
how is the appendix connected to the caecum
appendiceal orifice
where is McBurney’s point?
1/3rd of the way between the anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus
define the sigmoid mesocolon
the sigmoid has a long mesentery which risks volvulus
three midline branches of the abdominal aorta and the level they leave
coeliac trunk T12
superior mesenteric artery L1
inferior mesenteric artery L3
lateral branches of the abdominal aorta and level they leave
renal artery L1
gonadal artery L2
what does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into and what level?
common iliacs at L4 which further bifurcates into the internal and external iliac arteries
branches of the SMA to supply the colon (to 2/3rd transverse)
appendicular (jejunal and ileal arteries) ileocaceal branches right colic artery middle colic inferior pancreaticduodenal
branches of the IMA to the colon
left colic artery
sigmoid arteries
superior rectal artery
what is the marginal artery of Drummond?
this is an anastomosis between the SMA and IMA
which artery supplies the anal canal beyond the pectinate line
internal iliac artery
position of the IVC
retroperitoneal
what does the IVC drain
drains the hepatic veins into the right atrium
what does the hepatic portal vein drain?
foregut
midgut
hindgut
to the liver
what does the splenic vein drain?
drains blood from the foregut organs to the HPV
what does the superior mesenteric vein drain
midgut organs to the HPV
what does the IMA drain
hindgut to the splenic vein
three portal-systemic anastamosis
umbilicus
distal end of oesophagus
rectum/anal canal
portal-systemic anastomosis of the oesophagus
superior= azygous vein inferior= hepatic portal vein
which ribs is the liver protected by?
7-11
four lobes of the liver
- caudate
- left
- right
- quadrate
ligament between the right and left lobes of the liver anteriorly
falciform ligament with a round ligament (remnant of the umbilical vein)
what are the four branches that each of the 8 functional segments of the liver has
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
bile duct
venous drainage
what does the IVC and hepatic veins lack?
valves so increased venous pressure backs up to the liver
what does the portal triad run in?
hepatoduodenal ligament
structures in the portal triad
- hepatic artery proper
- hepatic portal vein
- bile duct
what does the coeliac artery branch into?
- left gastric artery
- splenic artery (very torturous course)
- common hepatic artery
which ribs protect the spleen
9-11
location of the spleen
intraperitoneal
major blood supply of the stomach
- right and left gastric arteries along the lesser curvature
- right and left gastro-mental arteries along and greater curvature and greater omentum
blood supply to the liver
dual supply
- right and left hepatic arteries into the hepatic artery proper
- hepatic portal vein
two recesses in the greater sac
- hepatorenal recess
- rectovesical/uterine pouch
what does the HPV drain?
foregut, midgut and hindgut
what forms the HPV
splenic vein and SMV
where does the IMV drain into
splenic vein
what does the IVC drain
blood from hepatic veins into the right atrium
three parts of the gall bladder
fundus
body
neck
which duct brings bile to the gallbladder
cystic duct
blood supply to the gall bladder
cystic artery from the right hepatic artery (located in the cytohepatic triangle of Calot)
sections of the pancreas
uncinate process head neck body tail
position of the pancreas
retroperitoneal
location of the aorta compared to the pancreas
anterior to the uncinate process to enter mesentery proper
where does bile drain
2nd part of the duodenum via the CBD
what forms the CBD
common hepatic duct and pancreatic duct
how does the CBD connect to the duodenum
ampulla of vater, sphincter of ODDI and major duodenal papilla
duodenal blood supply
gastroduodenal artery from superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
define lacteals
lymphatic vessels of the small intestine which drain via the left venous angle and thoracic duct
venous angle location
junction between the subclavian and internal jugular veins
adult dentition
1 and 2 incisors
3 canine
4 and 5 premolars
6, 7 and 8 molars (8 are wisdom)
TMJ
mandibular fossa
articular tubercle
condylar process
articular disc for movement
muscles of mastication
- temporalis (close)
- masseter (close)
- medial pterygoid (close)
- lateral pterygoid (open
what supplies the muscles of mastication
trigeminal nerve (CNIII) from pons through foramen ovale
four papillae on anterior tongue
- foliate
- fungiform
- filiform
- vallate
what supplies the taste of the tongue
facial nerve (CNVII)
where does the parotid gland secrete?
2nd molar
where does the submandibular gland secrete?
lingual caruncle
what is the UOS muscle called?
cricopharygeus (C6- begins the oesophagus)
parts of the stomach
- cardia fundus body pyloric sphincter greater curvature lesser curvature incisura angularis
foregut
oesophagus to mid-duodenum
liver and gallbladder
spleen
1/2 pancreas
midgut
mid-duodenum to 2/3rd transverse colon
1/2 pancreas
hindgut
2/3rd transverse colon to proximal 1/2 anal canal
peritoneum
continuous membrane comprising of parietal and visceral layers
define intraperitoneal
almost completely converted in visceral peritoneum
define retroperitoneal
only visceral peritoneum on anterior surface
define mesentery (intraperitoneal)
double layered visceral peritoneum
role of the mesentery
connects organ to posterior body wall
omentum
greater and lesser
double layer of peritoneum that passes from stomach to adjacent organs
peritoneal ligaments
double layered peritoneum connecting organs to one another and the body wall
define mesentery proper
of the small intestine
greater omentum
four layered attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon, acts as an apron
lesser omentum
double layered attaches lesser curvature and duodenum to liver, it has a free edge
what lies in the free edge of the lesser omentum
portal triad
how do the lesser and greater sac communicate?
omental foramen
paracentesis
lateral to rectus sheath to avoid inferior epigastric artery rising from the external iliac artery
where do sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord to supply abdominal organs
T5-L2
what is special about the sympathetic innervation of the adrenal gland
leaves the spinal cord at T10-L1 and does not synapse but is instead carried with the periarterial plexuses and synapses straight into cells
parasympathetic innervation of abdominal organs
vagus nerve= to the transverse colon
S2, 3 and 4= descending colon to anal canal
midgut dermatomes
T8-T12
hindgut dermatomes
T12-L2
foregut dermatomes
T6-T9
location of the pelvic cavity
between the pelvic inlet and pelvic floor (elevator ani muscle)
what level is the recto-sigmoid junction
S3
levator ani muscles
- iliococcygeus
- pubococcygeus
- puborectalis
what causes contraction of external anal sphincter?
pudenal nerve S2, 3 and 4
sympathetic innervation of anal canal
T12- L2
parasympathetic innervation of anal canal
S2- S4
