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GI: Key Information > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

glycogenesis

A

synthesis of glycogen from glucose

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2
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to form glucose

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3
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

de novo synthesis of glucose from metabolic precursors such as lactate, amino acids and glycerol

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4
Q

role of glycogen synthase

A

adds one glucose molecule to a glycogen at a time (cannot introduce branches)

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5
Q

role of transglycosylase

A

produces branches in glycogen

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6
Q

which hormone enhances glycogen synthase

A

insulin

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7
Q

which hormone inhibits glycogen synthase

A

glucagon

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8
Q

which enzyme catalyses glycogenolysis

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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9
Q

what enhances the action of glycogen phosphorylase

A

glucagon, adrenaline and cortisol

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10
Q

what inhibits glycogen phosphorylase

A

insulin

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11
Q

what is used to convert lactate to glucose that is released into the blood?

A

cori cycle

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12
Q

two places of glycogen storage

A

liver

muscle

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13
Q

how are amino acids produced in gluconeogensis

A

proteolysis

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14
Q

how is glycerol produced in gluconeogenesis

A

lipolysis

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15
Q

what happens in glycogen storage disease

A

increased glycogen deposition in liver or muscle or both.

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16
Q

what is lipid catabolism

A

breakdown of lipids

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17
Q

what is the main energy storage form in adipose tissue?

A

TAGs

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18
Q

what do TAGs consist of?

A

glycerol and three fatty acids

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19
Q

what are chylomicrons cleaved by?

A

lipoprotein lipases at muscle and adipose tissue

20
Q

what happens to free fatty acids once they have been cleaved?

A
  • resynthesises to TAGs OR

- oxidised for energy

21
Q

what do free fatty acids have to be converted to so they can be oxidised for energy

A

CoA-derivatives called acyl-CoA

22
Q

what transports acyl-CoA into the mitochondria from the cytoplasm in lipid breakdown

A

acyl-carnitine transporter

23
Q

what happens to acyl-CoA once they reach the mitochondria in lipid breakdown

A

they undergo beta-oxidation

24
Q

which enzyme activates glycerol to glycerol-3-phosphate

A

glycerol kinase

25
Q

where are ketone bodies formed?

A

mitochondria from acyl-CoA

26
Q

what is dangerous about ketone bodies

A

they can diffuse from the liver mitochondria into the blood and accumulate causing acidosis

27
Q

how is ketonic acidosis detected?

A

acetone on breath

28
Q

what is lipid anabolism

A

synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA

29
Q

where does synthesis of fatty acids occur?

A

cytoplasm of the liver

30
Q

how does acetyl-CoA groups reach the cytoplasm for fatty acid synthesis

A

citrate

31
Q

what converts acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA

A

acetyl-CoA carboxylase

32
Q

role of fatty acid synthase

A

catalyses synthesis of long chain fatty acids from malonyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA and NADPH

33
Q

what increases the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase

A

citrate

insulin

34
Q

what inhibits the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase

A

palmitoyl-CoA
AMP
glucagon
epinephrine

35
Q

synthesis of TAGs

A

glycerol-3-phosphate and esterification

36
Q

is there a storage form of amino acids?

A

no

37
Q

what does amino acid breakdown produce

A

NH3

NH4+

38
Q

what is amino acid breakdown products secreted as

A

urea
uric acid
creatinine
NH4+

39
Q

three stages in the synthesis of urea

A
  1. transamination
  2. de-amination
  3. urea cycle
40
Q

transamination

A

aminotransferases move amino group from amino acid to ketone acids. alanine and glutamine transfer nitrogen in the blood to the liver

41
Q

de-amination

A

occurs in the liver, amino group is converted to NH4+

42
Q

define carbon skeletons

A

amino acids with the alpha amino group removed

43
Q

ketogenic amino acids

A

degraded to acetyl-CoA which can give rise to ketone bodies and fatty acids

44
Q

glucogenic amino acids

A

degraded to pyruvate or TCA then glucose

45
Q

inherited disorders of amino acid degradation

A
  • alkaptonuria
  • maple syrup urine disease
  • phenyloketonuria

GI: Key Information (24 decks)

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