Pharmacology

Question 1

The process in which a mechanism results in tolerance.

Answer 1

1. Down-regulation;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 2

Attracted to water molecules.

Answer 2

1. Hydrophilic;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 3

That period in the cardiac cell-firing cycle at which it is possible but difficult to restimulated the cell to contract.

Answer 3

1. Relative refractory period;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 4

The biochemical and physiological effects and mechanism of action of a medication in the body.

Answer 4

1. Pharmacodynamics;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 5

The movement and transportation of a medication throughout the bloodstream to tissues and cells and, ultimately, to its target receptor.

Answer 5

1. Distribution;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 6

A process with four possible effects on a medication absorbed into the body: (1) An inactive substance can become active, capable of producing desired or unwanted clinical effects. (2) An active medication can be changed into another active medication. (3) An active medication may be completely or partially inactivated. (4) A medication is transformed into a substance (active or inactive) that is easier for the body to eliminate.

Answer 6

1. Biotransformation;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 7

The time needed for the concentration of a medication at the target tissue to reach the minimum effective level.

Answer 7

1. Onset (of action);

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 8

In a pharmacologic context, the ability of a medication to produce the desired effect.

Answer 8

1. Efficacy;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 9

The process in which the rate of elimination of a medication is directly influenced by its plasma levels.

Answer 9

1. First-order elimination;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 10

The extent to which a medication will spread within the body.

Answer 10

1. Volume of distribution;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 11

Brief, uncoordinated, visible twitching of small muscle groups; may be caused by the administration of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (namely, succinylcholine).

Answer 11

1. Fasciculation;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 12

A mild to severe reaction after the first exposure to a medication or other substance, often with many of the same signs and symptoms as an immune-mediated reaction.

Answer 12

1. Medication sensitivity;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 13

Opposite from expected.

Answer 13

1. Paradoxical;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 14

A medication that has undergone biotransformation and is able to alter a cellular process or body function.

Answer 14

1. Active metabolite;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 15

A process in which repeated exposure to a medication within a particular class causes a tolerance that may be “transferred” to other medications in the same class.

Answer 15

1. Cross-tolerance;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 16

Sites of generation of electrical impulses other than normal pacemaker cells.

Answer 16

1. Ectopic foci;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 17

The time a medication concentration can be expected to remain above the minimum level needed to provide the intended action.

Answer 17

1. Duration of effect (or duration of action);

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 18

In the pharmacologic context, the concentration of medication at which initiation or alteration of cellular activity begins.

Answer 18

1. Threshold level;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 19

A medication or chemical that temporarily enhances central nervous system and sympathetic nervous system functioning.

Answer 19

1. Stimulant;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 20

A chemical that binds to a receptor site but does not initiate as much cellular activity or change as other agonists do; lowers the efficacy of other agonist chemicals present at the cells.

Answer 20

1. Partial agonist;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 21

Attracted to fats and lipids.

Answer 21

1. Lipophilic;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 22

A severe, possibly fatal reaction that mimics a burn; may be due to a medication.

Answer 22

1. Stevens-Johnson syndrome;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 23

The medications used to kill or suppress the growth of microorganisms.

Answer 23

1. Antimicrobials;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 24

The phenomenon which allows cardiac cells to generate a spontaneous impulse from within.

Answer 24

1. Automaticity;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 25

The weight-based dosage of a medication that was effective in 50% of the humans and animals tested.

Answer 25

1. Median effective dose (ED₅₀);

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 26

Originating from within the organism (body).

Answer 26

1. Endogenous;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 27

The medications used to treat fungal infections.

Answer 27

1. Antifungals;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 28

In the pharmacologic context, the positive and negative effects of an inactive medication on a person that are related to the person’s expectations and other factors.

Answer 28

1. Placebo effect;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 29

The relationship between the desired response of a medication and the dose required to achieve the response.

Answer 29

1. Potency;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 30

A super family of hemoproteins involved in the detoxification of many drugs.

Answer 30

1. Cytochrome P-450 system;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 31

A graphic illustration of the response of a drug according to the dose administered.

Answer 31

1. Dose-response curve;

• Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 32

A term used to describe drugs that produce muscle relaxation by interfering with impulses between nerve endings and muscle receptors.

Answer 32

1. Non-depolarizing;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 33

A term used to describe the fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system that release acetylcholine.

Answer 33

1. Cholinergic;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 34

The weight-based dosage of a medication that demonstrated toxicity in 50% of the animals tested.

Answer 34

1. Median toxic dose (TD₅₀);

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 35

In a pharmacologic context, the removal of a medication or its by-products from the body.

Answer 35

1. Elimination;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 36

A process in which medication molecules temporarily attach to proteins in the blood plasma, significantly altering medication distribution in the body.

Answer 36

1. Plasma protein binding;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 37

The specified amount of a medication to be given at specific intervals.

Answer 37

1. Dosing;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 38

The group of medications that initiates or alters a cellular activity by attaching to receptor sites, prompting a cellular response.

Answer 38

1. Agonist medications;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 39

In the pharmacologic context, abnormal susceptibility to a medication, possibly due to genetic traits or dysfunction of a metabolic enzyme, that is peculiar to an individual patient (and usually unexplained).

Answer 39

1. Idiosyncratic;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 40

An antiarrhythmic classification scheme based on the mechanism of action rather than on specific medication groups.

Answer 40

1. Vaughan-Williams;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 41

Medications that permanently bind with receptor sites and prevent activation by agonist chemicals.

Answer 41

1. Noncompetitive antagonists;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 42

The percentage of an unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation.

Answer 42

1. Bioavailability;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 43

The medications used to fight infection by killing bacteria or preventing their multiplication, thereby allowing the body’s immune system to overcome them.

Answer 43

1. Antibiotics;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 44

The early phase of cardiac repolarization wherein the heart muscle cannot be stimulated to depolarize; also known as the effective refractory period.

Answer 44

1. Absolute refractory period;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 45

A process by which cells ingest extracellular fluid and its contents.

Answer 45

1. Pinocytosis;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 46

A chemical that increases urinary output.

Answer 46

1. Diuretic;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 47

The weight-based dosage of a medication that caused death in 50% of the animals tested.

Answer 47

1. Median lethal dose (LD₅₀);

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 48

The phenomenon seen when a medication or chemical taken by a patient undermines the effectiveness of another medication taken by the patient.

Answer 48

1. Interference;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 49

Pertaining to voluntary muscle movements that are distorted or impaired because of abnormal muscle tone.

Answer 49

1. Dystonic;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 50

Use of hydrostatic pressure to force water or dissolved particles through a semi-permeable membrane.

Answer 50

1. Filtration;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 51

Characterized by the movement of a solvent, such as water, across a semipermeable membrane (for example, the cell wall) from an area of lower to higher concentration of solute molecules.

Answer 51

1. Osmotic;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 52

A document that gives detailed information about drugs, such as the indications and uses, dosing information, precautions, contraindications, and adverse effects.

Answer 52

1. Medication monograph;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 53

Medications administered to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 53

1. Sympathomimetics;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 54

Physiologic adaptation to the effects of a drug such that increasingly larger doses of the drug are required to achieve the same effect.

Answer 54

1. Tolerance;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 55

The phenomenon seen when several smaller doses of a particular medication are capable of producing the same clinical effects as a single larger dose of that same medication.

Answer 55

1. Cumulative action;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 56

The time needed for an average person to metabolize or eliminate 50% of a substance in the plasma.

Answer 56

1. Half-life;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 57

The ability of a medication to bind with a particular receptor site.

Answer 57

1. Affinity;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 58

Seepage of blood and vesicant medication into the tissue surrounding a punctured blood vessel.

Answer 58

1. Extravasation;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 59

A term used to describe paralytic agents that act at the neuromuscular junction by binding with nicotinic receptors on muscles, causing fasciculations and preventing additional activation by acetylcholine.

Answer 59

1. Competitive depolarizing;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 60

The group of medications that prevent endogenous or exogenous agonist chemicals from reaching cell receptor sites and initiating or altering a particular cellular activity.

Answer 60

1. Antagonist medications;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 61

A clinical change caused by a medication that causes harm or discomfort to a patient.

Answer 61

1. Untoward effect (or adverse effect);

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 62

In a pharmacologic context, the point of maximum effect of a drug.

Answer 62

1. Peak (effect);

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 63

A condition in which repeated doses of medication within a short period rapidly cause tolerance, making the medication virtually ineffective.

Answer 63

1. Tachyphylaxis;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 64

The relationship between the median effective dose and the median lethal dose (or median toxic dose).

Answer 64

1. Therapeutic index (or therapeutic ratio);

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 65

Uncharged.

Answer 65

1. Nonionic;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 66

A process in which a fixed amount of a substance is removed during a certain period, regardless of the total amount in the body.

Answer 66

1. Zero-order elimination;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 67

Originating outside the organism (body).

Answer 67

1. Exogenous;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 68

A chemical or medication that decreases the performance of the central nervous system or sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 68

1. Depressant;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 69

Medications that bind with heavy metals in the body and create a compound that can be eliminated; used in cases of ingestion or poisoning.

Answer 69

1. Chelating agents;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 70

A medication that has undergone biotransformation and is no longer able to alter a cell process or body function (i.e., not pharmacologically active.

Answer 70

1. Inactive metabolite;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 71

The scientific study of how various substances interact with or alter the function of living organisms.

Answer 71

1. Pharmacology;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 72

The destruction of red blood cells by disruption of the cell membrane.

Answer 72

1. Hemolysis;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 73

The fate of medications in the body, such as distribution and elimination.

Answer 73

1`. Pharmacokinetics;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 74

The situation in which there is a physical tolerance and psychological dependence on a drug or drugs.

Answer 74

1. Habituation;

- Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 75

Psychological dependence on a drug.

Answer 75

1. Habituation;

- https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/addiction-and-habituation

Question 76

Although there is no definition of “___” that is universally accepted, it generally refers to a physiological and psychological dependency on a drug.

Answer 76

1. Addiction;

- https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/addiction-and-habituation

Question 77

When people use the term “dependence,” they are usually referring to a ___ dependence on a substance.

Answer 77

1. Physical;

- https://www.addictioncenter.com/addiction/addiction-vs-dependence/

Question 78

An ___ is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth. Such medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. For example, ___ are used against bacteria and ___ are used against fungi.

Answer 78

1. Antimicrobial;
2. Antibiotics;
3. Antifungals;
   * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial*

Question 79

Apart from antibiotics and antifungals, the main classes of antimicrobial agents are ___ (“nonselective antimicrobials” such as bleach), which kill a wide range of microbes on non-living surfaces to prevent the spread of illness, and ___ (which are applied to living tissue and help reduce infection during surgery).

Answer 79

1. Disinfectants;
2. Antiseptics;
   * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial*