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Y1 GI > PHARMACOLOGY > Flashcards

PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Example of antacids

A

Aluminium Hydroxide

Magnesium Hydroxide

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2
Q

How to antacids work

A

Neutralise stomach acid

Treat the symptoms of GORD and dyspepsia but not the cause

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3
Q

Side effects of aluminium/magnesium hydroxide (antacids)

A

Aluminium - constipation

Magnesium- diarrhoea

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4
Q

Proton pump inhibitor example

A

Omeprazole

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5
Q

Mechanism of action of PPIs

A

Activated by HCl
Block active H+ pumps
Prevent pumping of H+ ions therefore inhibits the secretion of HCl (stomach acid)

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6
Q

What are PPIs used to treat and what are their side effects

A

GORD
Peptic Ulcer
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrin secreting tumour in pancreas)

Side effects
Constipation
Diarrhoea
Headache

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7
Q

Example of an H2 receptor antagonist

A

Ranitidine

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8
Q

Mechanism of H2 receptor antagonist

A

Blocks the action of histamine secreted by enterochromaffin cells
Histamine triggers the production of HCl so therefore decreases HCl production

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9
Q

What are H2 receptors used to treat and what are their side effects

A

Dyspepsia
Peptic ulcers
GORD

Side effects
Hypotension
Headache
Diarrhoea/constipation

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10
Q

Example of mucosal strengtheners

A

Sucralfate

Bismuth chealate

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of action of mucosal strengtheners

A

Binds to the base of an ulcer as it is +vely charged

Forms a protective mucosal barrier over the ulcer

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12
Q

What are mucosal strengtheners used to treat and what are their side effects

A

GORD
Ulcers

Side effects
Constipation

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13
Q

Examples of anti motility drugs

A

Loperamide

Codeine

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14
Q

Mechanism of action of anti motility drugs

A

Decrease peristalsis and segmentation therefore causing constipation

Cause sphincter constriction and increased fluid absorption

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15
Q

What are anti-motility drugs used to treat and what side effects to they have

A

Diarrhoea

Side effects
Drowsiness
Constipation
Urinary retention

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16
Q

What are some examples of 5ASAs (5-aminosalicylic acid)

A

Sulfasaline

Mesalazine

17
Q

What is the mechanism of action of 5ASAs

A

Anti-inflammatory drug

Derived from salicylic acid and is thought to trap free radicals

18
Q

What are 5ASAs used to treat and what are some of the side effects

A

Ulcerative Colitis

Side effects
Diarrhoea
Nausea
Cramps

19
Q

Example of corticosteriods used for GI

A

Prednisolone

Budesonide

20
Q

Mechanism of action of corticosteriods

A

Mimic natural steroid hormones eg. cortisol

Powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs

Bind onto glucocorticoid receptors to induct/repress different genes to suppress inflammation

21
Q

What GI conditions are corticosteriods used to treat and what are the side effects

A

Ulcerative Colitis
Hepatitis
Crohns disease

Side effects 
Candidiasis -oropharyngeal 
Dysphonia (hoarse and weak voice) 
Growth restrictions 
Glaucoma (damage to optic nerve)
Diabetes 
Cushings syndrome
22
Q

Example of a bulk forming laxative/purgative

A

Methylcellulose

23
Q

Example of a stimulant laxative/purgative

24
Q

Example of a faecal softening laxative/purgative

A

decussate sodium

25
Q

Example of osmotic laxative/purgative

A

Magnesium sulphate/Hydroxide

26
Q

Mechanism of action of laxatives/purgatives

A

Increase water volume in faeces

27
Q

What are laxatives/purgatives used to treat and what are the side effects

A

Straining (detrimental to health in angina)
Painful defecation (haemorrhoids)
To clear bowel before surgery/colonoscopy
Constipation

Possible side effects
dehydration
Abdo pain/cramps
Dizziness

28
Q

What is pancreatin used for

A

Reducing pancreatic secretions

29
Q

What are thiamine tablets (vitamins B1 tablets used to treat)

A

Given to alcoholics as alcohol inhibits vitamin B1 absorption

30
Q

What does metroclopramide to

A

Increases gastric emptying

31
Q

What is metrocopramide used to treat and what are the side effects

A

GORD
Gastroperesis

Side effects
Dizziness
Drowsiness

32
Q

What is the mechanism of action for 5-HT3 (serotonin) receptor antagonists

A

Block 5-HT3 receptors which are prevalent in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and reduce emesis

33
Q

What are 5-HT3 receptor antagonists used to treat and what are some side effects

A

Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and post-operative induced emesis

Side effects
Headaches
Constipation

34
Q

Examples of muscarinic antagonists

A

Hyoscine
Scopolamine
Meberveine

35
Q

How do muscarinic antagonists work in GI

A

Block muscarinic receptors in vomiting centre
Inhibit GI movements and cause GI relaxation
Antispasmodic

36
Q

What are muscarinic antagonists used to treat in GI and what are their side effects

A

Motion sickness
IBS

Side effects 
Dry mouth 
Blurred vision 
Sedation 
Urinary retention

Y1 GI (41 decks)

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