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Y1 GI > Antimicrobial resistance > Flashcards

Antimicrobial resistance Flashcards

1
Q

What are antimicrobials

A

Antibiotics
Antivirals
all antimicrobial drugs

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2
Q

What is antibiotic resistance

A

Ability of bacteria to protect themselves from the antibiotic

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3
Q

What is the difference between clinical antibiotic resistance and lab resistant antibiotics

A

Whether its resistant at clinically achievable concentrations or lab concentrations

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4
Q

What is an antibiotic

A

A drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

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5
Q

Resistant antibiotics

A

Antimicrobial will not inhibit bacterial growth at clinically achievable concentrations

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6
Q

Susceptible antibiotics

A

Antimicrobial will inhibit bacterial growth at clinically achievable concentrations

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7
Q

What is the definition of resistance (non-MDR)

A

Laboratory confirmed resistance to particular antibiotic agent

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8
Q

Definition of MDR (multi drug resistance)

A

Non-suceptibility to at least 1 agent in 3

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9
Q

PDR definition (pan drug resistance)

A

Non-suceptability to all antimicrobial categories

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10
Q

XDR definition (extremely drug resistant)

A

Non-suceptibility to at least 1 agent in all but 2 or fewer antimicrobial categories

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11
Q

What is innate resistance

A

Was never susceptible to antibiotic

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12
Q

What is acquired resistance

A

Developed resistance

May be result of novel mutation, or transfer of genes causing resistance

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13
Q

How do resistant bacteria make susceptible bacteria resistant

A

By transferring resistant genes

conjugation or transformation

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14
Q

what is vertical transmission of antibiotic resistance

A

Bacterium accumulates mutations making it resistant

Mutations are passed on to subsequent generations

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15
Q

What is horizontal transmission of antibiotic resistance

A

Resistant genes are swapped from one microbe to the other

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16
Q

How does horizontal transmission of resistance occur

A

Transformation

  • bacteria scavenge resistant genes from dead cells
    Transduction
  • resistant genes transferred between bacteria

Conjugation

-genes transferred between bacteria via tubes called pills

17
Q

Mechanisms of resistance

A 
Inactivation of antibiotic 
Impermeability to cell wall 
Efflux - pumps antibiotic out the cell 
By-pass 
Bind to PBPs which make it resistant 
Altered targets
18
Q

What factors drive antibiotic resistance

A 
Human misuse or overuse 
Animal misuse or overuse 
Environmental contamination 
Health-care transmission 
Travel 
Mass drug administration
19
Q

Where are the most antibiotics prescribed

A

In the community

20
Q

What is antimicrobial stewardship

A

The optimal selection, dosage, and duration of antimicrobial treatment that results in the best clinical outcome and minimal impact on subsequent resistance

21
Q

Common prescribing drivers for AMP

A 
No need for antibiotic unnecessarily 
Excessive amounts given 
Too broad spectrum 
Too long duration 
Low dose or inadequate frequency 
Previous and repeated course of antibiotics

Y1 GI (41 decks)

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