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Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Cholinesterase inhibitors
INDICATION:

S/E:

A

Alzheimer’s, Dementia

S/E: bronchoconstriction*

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2
Q

Beta 1: heart →
Beta 2: lungs →
Beta 2: uterus →

A

increased HR
bronchodilation
uterine relaxation

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3
Q

Risk factors for DIGOXIN TOXICITY

A

CLIENTS WITH:

hypokalemia (on diuretics)
- LICORICE EXTRACT

hypomagnesemia
hypercalcemia
ELDERLY

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4
Q

_____ inotropes make your heart muscle contractions stronger, raising your cardiac output to a normal level and increasing the amount of blood your heart can pump out.

A

POSITIVE

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5
Q

ANTIDOTE for Magnesium Sulfate

A

Calcium Gluconate

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6
Q

Losartan, olmesartan
these are?

A

ARBS

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7
Q

Sodium channel blocker
INDICATION

A/E:

A

many dysrhythmias

A/E:
Diarrhea
SLE like symptoms
NEGATIVE INOTROPIC EFFECT (hypotension, cardio suppression)

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8
Q

Cholinergic Drug side effects:
D-U-M-B-E-L-S

A

Diaphoresis + diarrhea
Urination
Miosis
Bradycardia + bronchospasm
Emesis
Lacrimation
Salivation

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9
Q

Found in HEART & intestinal smooth muscle
Increase contractility
Increase SVR, HR, CO

A

b-1 adrenergic receptors

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10
Q

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, ephedrine, phenylephrine

A

Alpha adrenergic receptors

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11
Q

metronidazole, tinidazole
(-dazole)

A

anthelmintic, antibiotic

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12
Q

A-B-C-D Antihypertensive drugs

A

ACE inhibitors, ARBS
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Diuretics

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13
Q

ANTIDOTE for Heparin & enoxaparin

A

Protamine Sulfate

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14
Q

Beta Adrenergic Agonists
(Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, dobutamine, Isoproterenol, *Albuterol)

A/E:

A

A/E: tachydysrhythmias, angina, hyperglycemia, necrosis if extravasation occurs

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15
Q

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, dobutamine, Isoproterenol, *Albuterol

A

Beta adrenergic receptors

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16
Q

Carried throughout the body to sites of action

A

Distribution

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17
Q

Adenosine
INDICATION:

NC:

A

SVT

NC:
WARN the client it will feel like someone kicked them in the chest!!!
WARN the family they will see flatline on the monitor!!!
(Period of asystole after administration)
RAPID PUSSSSSHHHHH
CAUTION: Asthmatics

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18
Q

Primarily found in vascular smooth muscles,
Peripheral vasoconstriction
Increase SVR

A

a-1 adrenergic receptors

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19
Q

Alpha Adrenergic Agonists
(Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, ephedrine, phenylephrine)

A/E:

A

A/E: Hypertension, tachycardia angina, hyperglycemia, necrosis is drug extravasates

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20
Q

lansoprazole, pantoprazole
(-oprazole)

A

proton pump inhibitor (PPI)

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21
Q

Enalapril, lisinopril, captopril, fosinopril, moexipril, perindopril….

A

ACE inhibitors

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22
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System
- TRANSMITTER:

A

Acetylcholine

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23
Q

ANTIDOTE for Benzodiazapines

A

Flumazenil

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24
Q

ARBS
INDICATION:
CI:

NC:

A

Hypertension, CHF, DM neuropathy

PREGNANCY

Monitor BP, fluid levels, renal & liver status

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25
Q

ANTIDOTE for Iron

A

Deferoxamine

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26
Q

albuterol, salmeterol (-terol)

A

beta agonist, bronchodilator

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27
Q

Potassium Channel Blockers
INDICATION:
CI:

A/E:
NC:

A

Dysrhythmias

PREGNANCY

A/E: dizziness, tremors, ataxia, pulmonary fibrosis, bradycardia, heart block, blue gray skin discoloration
NC: CAUTION: has iodine, can disrupt thyroid

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28
Q

Expectorants & Mucolytics
INDICATION:

NC:

A

Excess mucus

NC: Not given w/ antitussives

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29
Q

alteplase, streptokinase (-ase)

A

thrombolytic

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30
Q

amoxicillin, ampicillin (-cillin)

A

penicillin antibiotic

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31
Q

esomeprazole, omeprazole (-eprazole)

A

proton pump inhibitor (PPI)

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32
Q

losartan, valsartan (-sartan)

A

angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB)

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33
Q

cimetidine, famotidine (-tidine)

A

H2 receptor antagonist

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34
Q

Muscarinic Agonists: Bethanechol, Cevimeline, Pilocarpine

Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Pyridostigmine, neostigmine, physostigmine, edrophonium, rivastigmine

A

Cholinergics

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35
Q

Foods to avoid when taking Warfarin

risk for ____

A

Excessive vitamin K

clotting

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36
Q

fluconazole, miconazole (-conazole)

A

antifungal

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37
Q

ACE inhibitors
INDICATION:
CI:

Nursing consideration:

A

Hypertension, CHF;

PREGNANCY

NC:
Discontinued if dry cough occurs
Monitor BP

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38
Q

chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide (-thiazide)

A

thiazide diuretic

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39
Q

enalapril, lisinopril (-pril)

A

ACE inhibitor

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40
Q

alendronate, risedronate, biphosphonate (-dronate)

A

bisphosphonate; bone resorption inhibitor

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41
Q

lidocaine, prilocaine (-caine)

A

local anesthetic

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42
Q

Prepares drug for elimination

Liver!!

A

Metabolism

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43
Q

etonogestrel, levonorgestrel (-gestrel)

A

female hormone (progestin)

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44
Q

Captopril
Enalapril
Lisinopril

these are?

A

ACE Inhibitors

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45
Q

ANTIDOTE for Ethylene poisoning

A

Fomepizole

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46
Q

prednisolone, prednisone (pred)

A

corticosteroid

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47
Q

Codeine
Dextromethorphan

A

Antitussives

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48
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers:
(Act ONLY on the blood vessels)
INDICATION:
CI:

S/E:

A

Hypertension, Angina

GRAPEFRUIT JUICE

S/E: Gingival hyperplasia,

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49
Q

Dibucaine
Lidocaine
Benzocaine
Cocaine
Tetracaine

A

Local Anesthetics

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50
Q

cefdinir, cephalexin (cef-, ceph)

A

cephalosporin antibiotic

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51
Q

Atropine, scopolamine, ipratropium bromide, dicyclomine, oxybutynin, tolterodine

A

Anticholinergics

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52
Q

Amlodipine
Nifedipine
Verapamil

these are? works on?

A

Calcium channel blockers; heart and blood vessels

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53
Q

paliperidone, risperidone (-ridone)

A

atypical antipsychotic

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54
Q

doxycycline, minocycline (-cycline)

A

tetracycline antibiotic

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55
Q

ASTHMA Meds (long term)
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY:

BRONCHODILATORS:

A

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY:
Glucocorticoids (inhaled)
Leukotriene receptor antagonist
Monoclonal antibodies

BRONCHODILATORS:
Long Acting B2 Agonist (LABA)
Theophylline

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56
Q

Amiodarone, Ibutilide

A

Potassium channel blockers

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57
Q

______ inotropes keep your heart muscles from working too hard by beating with less force.

A

NEGATIVE

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58
Q

alprazolam, midazolam (-zolam)

A

benzodiazepine

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59
Q

ANTIDOTE for Cyanide poisoning

A

Methylene Blue

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60
Q

How well can the drug pass into the body?

Varies by different routes of administration

A

Absorption

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61
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers
(Act on the heart and the blood vessels)
INDICATION:
CI:

S/E:
NC:

A

Hypertension, angina, dysrhythmias (a-fib/flutter)

CI: AV BLOCK

S/E: constipation, dizziness, facial flushing, HA. edema in ankles & feet

NC: Monitor closely if given w/ digoxin/beta blockers

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62
Q

Anticholinergic toxicity
treatment:

A

Activated charcoal
Physostigmine

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63
Q

Procainamide Lidocaine

A

Sodium channel blockers

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64
Q

Losartan, olmesartan, valsartan, irbesartan, azilsartan, candesartan…

A

ARBS

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65
Q

chlorpheniramine, pheniramine (-iramine)

A

antihistamine

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66
Q

Drugs to avoid for EPILEPSY

interaction:

A

TCAs, antimalarials, antipsychotics

reduced seizure threshold

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67
Q

darifenacin, solifenacin (-nacin)

A

muscarinic antagonist (anticholinergic)

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68
Q

Glucocorticoids
INDICATION:

NC:
LONG TERM USE RISK OF?

A

Asthma, COPD

NC:
Inhaled: Rinse/gargle after use (causes oral candidiasis)
NOT FOR ACUTE ATTCAK! TAKE SABA FIRST!

Oral:
ACUTE ATTACKS! Best to use < 10 days
NEVER D/C ABRUPTLY

RISK OF:
adrenal; suppression, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, PUD, growth suppression

69
Q

sildenafil, avanafil (-afil)

A

phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor

70
Q

Parasympathetic “____ & ____”

A

REST & DIGEST

71
Q

Guaifenesin

A

Expectorants

72
Q

Anticholinergics
INDICATION:

NC:

A

Asthma, COPD

NC: Monitor for s/e

73
Q

Aminophylline, Theophylline

A

Methylxanthines

74
Q

Muscarinic Poisoning
CAUSES:
TREATMENT:

A

Medication overdose

ATROPINE

75
Q

Primarily found in bronchial vasculature,
Bronchodilation
Coronary artery vasodilation

A

b-2 adrenergic receptors

76
Q

ibuprofen, ketoprofen (-profen)

A

NSAID

77
Q

Metoprolol, Acebutolol, Atenolol, Betaxolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, carvedilol, labetalol

A

Beta adrenergic antagonist
SELECTIVE

78
Q

propranolol, metoprolol
(-olol)

A

beta blocker

79
Q

Sympathetic “____ or ____”

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

80
Q

Propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol, esmolol

A

Beta Blockers

81
Q

It generally takes _______ half-lives to achieve “steady state”
concentrations or to reduce the drug level to an insignificant amount

A

4-5

82
Q

The time it takes for the plasma concentration or the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by 50%

A

Half life

83
Q

Ipratropium, Tiotropium, Glycopyrronium bromide, Aclidinium bromide

A

Anticholinergics

84
Q

Drugs to avoid for CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE

interaction: increased

A

Warfarin

sensitivity & bleeding

85
Q

Omalizumab, Dupilumab, Reslizumab, Benralizumab

A

Monoclonal Antibodies

86
Q

Lorazepam, diazepam

A

Anticonvulsants - Rapid Acting/Emergent

87
Q

Digoxin
INDICATION:

Early S/SX toxicity:
Late S/SX toxicity:

NC:

A

Heart failure, a-fib, a-flutter, CHF, cardiogenic shock

Early: Nausea & Vomiting, Anorexia, VISION CHANGES (yellow/green halos)

Late: Bradycardia/arrhythmias

NC:
Monitor for toxicity!!! DIGOXIN has narrow therapeutic range
HOLD IF PULSE LESS THAN 60!!!

88
Q

atorvastatin, simvastatin (-statin)

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin)

89
Q

Naproxen
Ketoprofen
Indomethacin
Ibuprofen
Ketorolac
ASA
Celecoxib

A

NSAIDS

90
Q

Zafirlukast, montelukast

A

Leukotriene receptor antagonists

91
Q

Atropine
INDICATION:
CI:

NC:

A

Excessive secretions, sinus bradycardia, heart block

CLIENTS W/ GLAUCOMA

NC: Monitor urinary retention & constipation

92
Q

Drugs to avoid when taking Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) & St. John’s Wort

risk for _____

A

other antidepressants

serotonin syndrome

93
Q

diclofenac, nepafenac (-fenac)

A

NSAID

94
Q

Eliminated by body

Kidneys!!
- Watch that BUN, Cr, and GFR

A

Excretion

95
Q

ANTIDOTE for Lead

A

Succimer

96
Q

Nitrates- nitroglycerin, nitroprusside

A

Venodilators (arterial & venous)

97
Q

Hydralazine, Minoxidil

A

Venodilators (arterial)

98
Q

Diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine,, clemastine, promethazine,
hydroxyzine, loratadine, fexofenadine…

A

H1 Antagonists

99
Q

Anticholinergics
INDICATION:

CI:

A/E:

A

Sinus bradycardia, AV block, eye exams, asthma, excessive secretions, intestinal
hypertonicity, overactive bladder

CI: MG, glaucoma, urinary or intestinal obstruction, tachycardia

A/E:
Increased IOP (→blurry vision/photophobia) - avoid in glaucoma!

Urinary retention → caution in BPH

Bronchial plugging → caution in asthma

Constipation, xerostomia, tachycardia, anhidrosis

100
Q

Food to avoid when taking Calcium channel blockers, Statins, Anticoagulants

causes:

A

Grapefruit juice

increase levels in body

101
Q

furosemide, torsemide (-semide)

A

loop diuretic

102
Q

amlodipine, nifedipine
(-dipine)

A

calcium channel blocker

103
Q

Cholinergics
INDICATION:

CI:

S/E:
NC:

A

Urinary retention, GERD, MG, Alzheimer’s, Glaucoma

CI: Intestinal obstruction, urinary tract obstruction, asthma, hyperthyroidism, hypotension

S/E: increased secretions, increased urination, miosis

NC: Monitor for bradycardia
TAKEN ON EMPTY STOMACH

104
Q

ANTIDOTE for Opioids

A

Naloxone

105
Q

ANTIDOTE for Digitalis

A

Digoxin immune FAB

106
Q

Foods to avoid when taking Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

risk for ____

A

Tyramine rich foods (red wine, aged cheeses, salami, chocolate)

hypertensive crisis

107
Q

Beta Blockers
INDICATION:
CI:

NC:

A

Hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, MI, cardiomyopathy, alcohol withdrawal, anxiety

NC:
DISCONTINUE SLOWLY
MONITOR BLOOD SUGARS (Can mask signs of hypoglycemia)
CAUTION W/ ASTHMA & COPD (cause bronchospasm)

108
Q

prednisolone, triamcinolone (-olone)

A

corticosteroid

109
Q

Morphine
Codeine
Meperidine
Fentanyl
Oxycodone
Hydrocodone
Hydromorphone
Oxymorphone

A

Opioid Agonist

110
Q

hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone (cort)

A

corticosteroid

111
Q

Drugs to avoid when taking Metformin

risk for ____

A

Contrast dye

nephrotoxicity

112
Q

enoxaparin, heparin (-parin)

A

antithrombotic, anticoagulant

113
Q

Anticonvulsants - Long Term
INDICATION:

Phenytoin therapeutic level: ____
S/E:
NC:

A

Seizures

10-20 mcg/mL

S/E: gingival hyperplasia → Regular dental check-ups + Use soft bristle toothbrush

NC: No alcohol/other CNS depressants

114
Q

Decongestants
INDICATION:

NC:

A

Congestion

NC:
Oral: more systemic effects (restless, irritable, anxiety, insomnia) lasts longer
Topical: more effective, act faster; CAUSE REBOUND CONGESTION

NOT USE FOR LONGER THAN 3-5 DAYS

115
Q

azithromycin, clindamycin
(-mycin)

A

antibiotic

116
Q

ANTIDOTE for Acetaminophen

A

Acetylcysteine

117
Q

phenobarbital, butabarbital (-bital)

A

barbiturate (sedative)

118
Q

Drugs to avoid when taking Nitroglycerin

Risk for ____

A

Erectile dysfunction medications

profound hypotension

119
Q

Nifedipine, amlodipine, felodipine, isradipine, nicardipine, nimodipine

A

Calcium channel blockers (blood vessels only)

120
Q

Baclofen, dantrolene, cyclobenzaprine, chlorzoxazone, tizanidine

A

Muscle relaxer

121
Q

Atenolol, metoprolol, esmolol, *propranolol
these are?

A

beta blockers

122
Q

Phenytoin, fosphenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, valproic acid

A

Anticonvulsants - Long Term

123
Q

Acetaminophen

A

Non-opioids

124
Q

Anticonvulsants - Rapid Acting/Emergent
INDICATION:

NC:

A

Seizures

NC: Monitor for respiratory depression

125
Q

Antitussives
INDICATION:

NC:

A

Cough

NC: Monitor respiratory depression

126
Q

ribavirin, tenofovir (vir; -vir)

A

antiviral

127
Q

Muscle relaxer
INDICATION:

S/E:
NC:

A

Spasticity, spasms (MS, SCI)

S/E: drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, hypotension

NC: Avoid alcohol or other CNS depressants
Do not discontinue abruptly

128
Q

furosemide, torsemide (-mide)

A

diuretic

129
Q

Acetylcysteine
Hypertonic Saline

A

Mucolytic

130
Q

ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin (-floxacin)

A

quinolone antibiotic

131
Q

Anti-Parkinson Drugs

S/E:
A/E:
NC:

A

S/E: nausea/vomiting, can cause postural hypotension/dizziness - move slowly when changing positions

A/E: psychosis (visual hallucinations, vivid dreams, paranoid ideation)

NC: Take with low-fat, low protein foods

132
Q

Drugs to avoid for RESPIRATORY FAILURE

interaction:

A

Neuroleptics

Respiratory depression

133
Q

H1 Antagonists
INDICATION:

NC:

A

Allergy, anaphylaxis, sedation

NC:
Monitor for drowsiness
Possible paradoxical excitation
EDUCATION: NO alcohol & driving, TAKEN at night & with food to reduce GI upset

134
Q

Prazosin, Doxazosin, Terazosin, Tamsulosin, Alfuzosin, Silodosin, Phentolamine

A

Alpha adrenergic antagonist

135
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies
INDICATION:

NC:

A

Asthma

NC: adm. subQ
MONITOR for 2 hrs after 3 doses and 30 mins after w/ all subsequent doses

136
Q

Levodopa, Levodopa/Carbidopa

A

Anti-Parkinson Drugs

137
Q

ANTIDOTE for Warfarin

A

Phytonadione (Vitamin K)

138
Q

Drugs to avoid for RENAL FAILURE

interaction:

A

NSAIDS

nephrotoxicity

139
Q

Phenylephrine
Pseudoephedrine

A

Decongestants

140
Q

nefazodone, trazodone (-zodone)

A

antidepressant

141
Q

Verapamil and Diltiazem

A

Calcium channel blockers (heart & blood vessels)

142
Q

clomipramine, imipramine (-pramine)

A

tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)

143
Q

budesonide, fluocinonide (-onide)

A

corticosteroid

144
Q

B2 Adrenergic Receptors
INDICATION:

CAUTION:
WHEN USING 2 INHALERS:

A

Asthma, COPD

CAUTION:
Heart disease (increase HR)
Diabetes (masks s/sx of hypoglycemia)
Glaucoma (increase IOP)

when using 2 inhalers: SABA 1st, ensure at least 1 min interval between

145
Q

Drugs to avoid for PARKINSON’S DISEASE

interaction:

A

COX-2 inhibitors

worsening of Parkinson’s symptoms

146
Q

Short acting (SABA): Albuterol, Levalbuterol,

Long- Acting (LABA): Salmeterol, Arformoterol, Olodaterol, Formoterol

A

B2 Adrenergic Receptors

147
Q

Drugs to avoid for ASTHMA

interaction:

A

Beta blockers

Bronchospasm

148
Q

Alpha Adrenergic Antagonists
(Prazosin, Doxazosin, Terazosin, Tamsulosin, Alfuzosin, Silodosin, Phentolamine)

A/E:

A

A/E: hypotension, reflex tachycardia, nasal congestion

149
Q

Drugs to avoid when taking ACE inhibitors

risk for ____

A

Potassium Sparing medications

hyperkalemia

150
Q

aminophylline, theophylline (-phylline)

A

bronchodilator

151
Q

Drugs to avoid for CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

interaction:

A

Calcium channel blockers, NSAIDS, Steroids (prednisolone)

sodium/water retention, increased risk for cardiac events

152
Q

amitriptyline, nortriptyline (-tyline)

A

tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)

153
Q

Inhaled: Budesonide, Ciclesonide, Flunisolide, Fluticasone
PO: Methylprednisolone, Prednisolone, Prednisone

A

Glucocorticoids

154
Q

fluticasone, betamethasone (-asone)

A

corticosteroid

155
Q

clonazepam, lorazepam (-zepam)

A

benzodiazepine

156
Q

Beta Adrenergic Antagonists - Non-selective
(Propranolol, nadolol, pindolol, sotalol, timolol)

A/E:

A

A/E:
Bradycardia → Avoid if client is in SB or has an AV block
HF
Bronchoconstriction → Extreme caution in asthmatics!
Hypoglycemia → Caution in diabetics! Warn them will mask typical symptoms of hypoglycemia!
Rebound cardiac excitation → never discontinue abruptly - taper off!
Depression

157
Q

Methylxanthines
INDICATION:

NC:

A

Asthma

NC: Monitor drug levels (if a dose missed, DO NOT DOUBLE DOSE)
AVOID caffeine, tobacco/marijuana

158
Q

hydrocodone, oxycodone (-done)

A

opioid analgesic

159
Q

Anticholinergic Toxicity SIGNS

A

hot, dry, red, blind, mad

160
Q

ASTHMA Meds (short term)
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY:

BRONCHODILATORS:

A

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY:
Glucocorticoids (systemic)

BRONCHODILATORS:
Short acting B2 receptors (SABA)
Anticholinergics

161
Q

Beta Adrenergic Antagonists - Selective
(Metoprolol, Acebutolol, Atenolol, Betaxolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, carvedilol, labetalol)

A/E:

A

A/E:
Bradycardia → Avoid if client is in SB or has an AV block
Rebound cardiac excitation → never discontinue abruptly - taper off!

162
Q

Naloxone
Naltrexone
Methylnaltrexone

A

Opioid Antagonists

163
Q

Drugs to avoid for HYPERTENSION

interaction:

A

NSAIDS

increased BP due to sodium retention

164
Q

Propranolol, nadolol, pindolol, sotalol, timolol

A

Beta adrenergic antagonist
NON SELECTIVE

165
Q

Any drug that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor

A

Agonist

166
Q

Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors

167
Q

Any drug that binds to a receptor and prevents the activation of the receptor

A

Antagonist

168
Q

Leukotriene receptor antagonists
INDICATION:

NC:

A

Asthma

NC: MONITOR ALT! (can cause liver injury)

169
Q

sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine (sulfa-)

A

antibiotic, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory

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