Nervous system Flashcards by Lady Barbeque

Inflammation of the spinal cord or brain
- Usually caused by a virus or bacteria

Meningitis

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Vision - what lobe of the brain?

Occipital

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PRIORITY during seizuresss!!

MAINTAIN PATENT AIRWAY + PROTECT FROM INJURY

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assessment for stroke
B-E-F-A-S-T

Balance dizziness, headaches
Eyes blurry vision, abn pupil response, hemianopsia
Face unilateral facial drooping
Arms arm/leg weakness
Speech slurred
Time

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Rapid acting anticonvulsant

lorazepam

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examples of traumatic brain injury

fractures, bleeds, contusion

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With the client placed
supine, passive flexion of
the neck causes
involuntary flexion of the
knee and hips.

Brudzinski’s sign

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Damage to the spinal cord causes permanent changes in strength, sensation, and
other body functions below the site of the injury

spinal cord injury

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Memory, understanding language - what lobe of the brain?

Temporal

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With the client placed supine
and the hip flexed, the knee
cannot be completely
extended due to pain.

Kernig’s sign

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Glasgow coma scale
eye opening =
verbal response =
motor response =

scores of min-max?

what GCS score do we intubate?

4, 5, 6

GCS 3-15

8!!!

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Impairment in comprehension or production of language

Dysphasia / Aphasia

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DURING SEEIIZURE***
DONT’S

leave the client,
forced clenched teeth apart,
place anything in mouth,
restrain movements

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Weakness in muscles; Also called ‘incomplete paralysis’

Paresis

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some causes for neuropathy

injuries, infections, toxin exposure, diabetes

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s/sx of multiple sclerosis

optic neuritis, ataxia, nystagmus, hypotonia, dysdiadochokinesia, intentional tremors, spasticity

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Complete inability to perform
purposeful or skilled motor acts

Apraxia

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Weakness, numbness, and pain from nerve damage

Neuropathy

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■ One side of the body

■ Only the legs

■ All four extremities

Hemi
Para
Quad

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Normal ICP

5-15 mmHg

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Tremors

Hyperkinesia

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Isolation precautions
Viral:
Bacterial:

standard
droplet

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Periorbital bruising

racoon eyes

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CRANIAL NERVES
On, On, On, They Traveled And Found Voldemort Guarding Very Ancient Horcruxes.

Olfactory nerve (CN I)
Optic nerve (CN II)
Occulomotor nerve (CN III)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

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loss of consciousness, staring off into space

absence

types of strokes

hemorrhagic ischemic (embolic, thrombotic)

PERRLA

Pupil Equal Round and Reactive to Light and Accommodation

Increased accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid

Hydrocephalus

sudden, brief, shock-like contractions of a muscle/group of muscles in extremities

Myoclonic

HR, BP, reflexes (swallowing, vomiting) are controlled by the?

Medulla

Bradykinesia: slow Akinesia: Absence

Hypokinesia

Tx for bacterial meningitis

Antibiotics

Connective tissue covering the CNS Layers: outer to inner

Meninges; Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

GABA

calming

assessment on Myasthenia gravis

PTOSIS (drooping eyelid) + weak muscles

Inflammation of the brain tissue - due to viral infection

Encephalitis

Autoimmune disorder - Communication between nerves and muscles destroyed

Myasthenia gravis

top complication of GBS

Respiratory arrest

Transmits and receives electrical and chemical impulses

Neuron

Acetylcholine

Learning

_____ Meningitis is more dangerous compared to _______

bacterial; viral

Serotonin

calming & sleep

Inability to swallow

Aphagia

Noradrenaline

Concentration

Damage to this area affects expressive language; CAN'T SPEAK yet can understand

Broca's area

DURING SEEIIZURE*** DO'S

stay with client, note time, duration & characteristics of seizure remove harmful obj, cushion client's head, loosen restrictive clothing, assist to side lying

Seizure locations*** - limited to a specific area of the brain - involves the entire brain - no loss of consciousness - impaired consciousness ranging from confusion to non responsive

Partial Generalized Simple Complex

assessment for bacterial meningitis

Nuchal rigidity Kernig's sign Photophobia Brudzinski's sign

autonomic dysreflexia Tx

Sit the client up to lower their BP + antihypertensives

posturing damage to deep brain structure pons; arms & legs straight out, toes pointed downward, neck & head arched back + rigid muscles

Decerebrate

A vessel ruptures and bleeds into the brain

hemorrhagic stroke

Bruising over the mastoid process

battle's sign

This causes life-threatening descending flaccid paralysis

Botulism

Histamine

immunity

diagnosis for myasthenia gravis

Tensilon test (edrophonium)

Botulinum toxin released by _____ found in ______ & _____. This contaminates _____ and never be taken by children under ____ yr old

clostridium botulinum; soil and dust HONEY; 1 yr old

Tx for myasthenia gravis

Palliative*** Cholinesterase inhibitors Corticosteroids Immunosuppressants

Poor muscle control causes clumsy, voluntary movements

Ataxia

hematoma where dura is still attached to skull w venous blood, slow onset of symptoms surg:

Subdural hematoma; craniotomy

Pain is often described as “_____________”, numbness, or weakness in neuropathy

pins and needles

There is a lack of oxygen to the brain and that causes damage!

Stroke

top sign of autonomic dysreflexia

sudden severe hypertension

Protrusion of an organ through a natural opening in a covering, muscle, or bone *There is SO much pressure, that the brain tissue pushes through the skull*

Herniation

PD Tx

Palliative** Carbidopa-levodopa (increase dopamine in brain) **reduce symptoms**

Balance - what part of the brain is responsible for?

Cerebellum

Dopamine

Pleasure

Perception, math, spelling, logic - what lobe of the brain?

Parietal

“A neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain.”

Epilepsy

Damage to this area affects receptive language; CAN'T UNDERSTAND yet can speak

Wernicke's area

The skull is a rigid container filled with: blood, brain, and CSF. If one of those three increases, another must decrease.

Monro-kellie hypothesis

Inability to move muscles

Paralysis

Shunt that drains extra CSF from brain to the abdomen, where it can then be excreted as urine

VP Shunt

Open fracture → dura is

torn

The pressure inside of the skull

Intracranial pressure

posturing damage to the midbrain; arms pulled towards center w clenched fists + rigid muscles

Decorticate

Test drainage for CSF

halo test, glucose = cerebrospinal rhinorrhea

Tx for Hemorrhagic

1. Control bleeding *if caused by an aneurysm COILING - IR CLIPPING - OR 2. Craniotomy 3. EVD

Autoimmune disorder - CNS inflammation - Damages and degrades the myelin sheath surrounding neurons

Multiple sclerosis

A clear, odorless liquid found in your brain and spinal cord.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Closed fracture → dura is

intact

Long acting anticonvulsant

Phenytoin

Seizure precautions***

oxygen & suctioning equipment, side lying position w pillow under head, all four side rails raised, bed in lowest position, padded side rails

Partial inability to perform purposeful or skilled motor acts

Dyspraxia

vaccines prevention for meningitis

Hib vaccine, Meningococcal conjugate/ MenACWY vaccines

GBS cause ____ weakness and paralysis

Ascending

Blood flow to the brain is blocked by a blood clot

Ischemic stroke

Spasms Involuntary movements Tardive dyskinesia

Dyskinesia

abrupt loss of muscle tone for a few seconds then confusion

atonic

Adrenaline

Fight or flight

Injuries at and above T6: - Monitor for

autonomic dysreflexia

Tx for ISCHEMIC

1. Permissive hypertension *perfusion to brain* 2. Antithrombotic *tPA (-ase) only done quickly within 60 minutes!!! 3. Percutaneous thrombectomy *surgical removal of clot*

Multiple sclerosis affects: Myasthenia gravis affects:

CNS PNS

NEVER _____ IN A CLIENT WITH A BASILAR SKULL FRACTURE

INSERT A NG TUBE

GBS Tx

Plasmapheresis - Filter blood and remove antibodies attacking the nerves Immunoglobulin therapy - Stops the antibodies that are attacking the myelin sheath

a clot that’s formed elsewhere (usually in the heart or neck arteries), travels in the bloodstream, and clogs a blood vessel in or leading to the brain. Sudden onset!

embolic

phases of tonic and clonic spasm, immediate loss of consciousness

Tonic-clonic

Progressive nervous system disorder - Caused by degeneration of dopamine neurons

Parkinson's disease

hematoma where dura peeled off skull, arterial blood, quick onset of symptoms surg:

Epidural hematoma; burrhole

Alteration in brain function caused by an external source

Traumatic brain injury

hallmark signs of basilar skull fracture

battle's sign, racoon eyes

Tx for multiple sclerosis

Palliative*** - corticosteroids (reduce inflammation) - plasmapheresis

Difficulty swallowing

Dysphagia

Ask about a GI bug…. ____ is responsible for many GBS cases!

Campylobacter jejuni

Thinking, planning, organizing, problem solving, emotions, behavioral control, personality - what lobe of the brain?

Frontal

a blood clot (thrombus) in an artery going to the brain.

thrombotic

Immune system switches to attacking the nerves and de-myelinates peripheral nerves

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Insulates and allows quick impulses

Myelin sheath

GBS peaks in about ____ weeks

top assessment for PD

Tremor, rigidity, mask-like faces, stooped posture, difficulty balancing, orthostatic hypotension, hypophonia, akinesia (absent of movements) FALL RISK !!