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Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

7 Drug Classifications

A
  1. stimulants
  2. depressants
  3. hallucinogens
  4. dissociatives (K, PCP) separates ppl. from sensory experience
  5. opioids
  6. inhalants
  7. cannabis.
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2
Q

7 Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Dopamine
  3. Endorphins
  4. Epinephrine
  5. GABA
  6. Norepinephrine
  7. Serotonin
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3
Q

Acetylcholine

A

excites skeletal muscles
affects movement, learning, memory, REM sleep, sensory processing, attention

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4
Q

Dopamine

A

excites/inhibits learning, attention, movement, reinforcement
predominant w/reward

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5
Q

Norepinephrine

A

affects eating habits, female sexual behaviour, alertness, wakefulness
predominant in fear
sympathetic branch of autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

causes surges of energy
predominant in anger
metabolism of glucose

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7
Q

Serotonin

A

regulates mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression, appetite

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8
Q

GABA

A

neural inhibition in CNS
learning, thought, emotions
controls anxiety

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9
Q

Endorphins

A

relief from pain
feelings of pleasure & well-being

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10
Q

Agonism

A

externally administered drugs
mimic neurotransmitters by occupying some/all receptor sites that cause drug effects

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11
Q

Antagonism

A

this action blocks transmitter from having it’s normal effect
drugs sometimes occupy receptor sites w/no effect

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12
Q

Endocrine System (8)

A
  1. adrenal glands
  2. gonads
  3. hypothalamus
  4. parathyroid
  5. pancreas
  6. pineal gland
  7. pituitary gland
  8. thyroid gland
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13
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

influences growth & laction

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14
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

controls metabolism

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15
Q

Pancreas

A

controls blood sugar

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16
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

arouses body; responds to stress

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17
Q

Gonads

A

secretes male (testes) & female (ovaries) hormones

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18
Q

Pineal Gland

A

regulates sleep cycle & body rhythms

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls the pituitary gland

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20
Q

Parathyroid

A

regulates calcium

21
Q

Pharmacology

A

scientific study of drugs & their interactions w/living systems
how they get into the body
what they do in body
how they do it
how body breaks it down & excretes them

22
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

disciple to systematically study effects of drugs on behaviour, cognitive functioning, & emotions

23
Q

Pharmacy

A

prepares/dispenses drugs
provides info & pharmaceutical care

24
Q

Drug

A

any chemical entity (mixture) not required for maintenance of health
alters biological function when administered

25
Psychoactive Drug
affects mood, thinking, behaviour
26
Drug Abuse
drug use causes physical, psychological, legal, social harms
27
The Neuron (7 parts) (see photo)
1. dendrites 2. cell body 3. nucleus 4. node of ranvier 5. axon 6. axon terminals 7. myelin sheath / schwann's cells
28
Dendrites
tree-root-shaped part, usually shorter & more numerous than axons purpose is to receive info from other neurons & transmit electrical signals to cell body
29
Cell Body (Soma)
the core of the neuron maintain the cell & keep the neuron functioning efficiently produces genetic info & directs the synthesis of proteins
30
Axon (nerve fiber)
carry signals away from cell body to terminal buttons in order to transmit electrical signals to other neurons
31
Myelin Sheath (Schwann's Cells)
layer of fatty material, covers the axons of neurons insulates one nerve cell from another to prevent impulse from one neuron from interfering w/impulse from another speeds up conduction of nerve impulses along the axon
32
Axon Terminals (terminal buttons)
transmit signals to other neurons reuptake excess neurotransmitters which didn't get passed onto the next neuron
33
Nucleus
protects majority of the DNA w/in each cell produces necessary precursors for protein synthesis
34
Node of Ranvier (myelin-sheath gaps)
facilitate rapid conduction of nerve impulses expose neuron membrane to external env. essential in speed/timing of delivery of impulses from one neuron to another
35
Pharmacokinetics
what the body does to the drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, drug excretion
36
Major Divisions of the Human Brain
1. Hindbrain 2. Midbrain 3. Forebrain
37
Pharmacodynamics
what the drug does to the body describes/explains drugs effects focuses on mechanisms of action
38
Routes of Administration (7) (enternal)
1. Oral - by mouth 2. Sublingual - under tongue 3. Suppositories - rectum, bum 4. Inhalation - thru lungs 5. Intranasal - thru nose 6. Insufflation - blowing something (gas, powder, vapour) into body cavity 7. Transdermal - thru skin
39
Routes of Administration (3) (injected routes, parenteral)
1. IV Intravenous - directly into blood (mainlining) 2. IM Intramuscular - into muscle 3. SC Subcutaneous - underneath skin into tissue between skin & muscle (skin popping)
40
Therapeutic Index (TI)
drugs relative margin of safety A.P. Charvel started it TI determined by dividing LD50 (lethal dose) by ED50 (effective dose)
41
Hallucinogens
produce effects by acting on several areas of brain; major mood changes, experiences, thinking
42
Cocaine
from coca bush short half-life withdrawal-90min. activates sympathetic nervous system (high HR, BP-amphetamines also)
43
Alcohol BAL
Blood Alcohol Level # milligrams alcohol per litre blood Ont. BAL .05%
44
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
enzyme destroys alcohol in stomach
45
Half-Life
time taken for body to eliminate half of given blood level of drug
46
Opiates
native to middle-east opium from sap of poppy plant medicinal use-pain Opioid- can be synthetic/semi-synthetic (dilaudid/fentanyl) opium wars-china/GB active ingredients-morphine/codeine
47
Heroin
1898-HeinrichDreser (Bayer Company, Germany) withdrawal symptoms can last for years
48
How drugs get into the blood
digestive system lipid solubility (fat) enternal routes (outside the body) parenteral routes (inside the body)

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