Communication Flashcards
communication (meaning)
meaningful exchange of info between 2+ participants.
requires sender, message, medium, & receiver.
receiver doesn’t need to be present.
process is complete when receiver understands sender’s message.
an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions, emotions by 2+ persons
Newman & Summer
transfer of info from sender to receiver w/info being understood by both
Koontz & O’Donnell
process of conveying message (facts, ideas, attitudes, & opinions)
Commin
process by which people attempt to share meaning in transmission of symbolic message (encoding/decoding)
James A.F. Stoner & Charles Wankel
barriers to communication
perceptions
emotions
overeagerness to respond
snap judgements
lying, deliberate deception of others for gain
closed words
attacking the individual
judging
poor listening, environmental factors (noise)
barriers to communication (explained)
Language differences - faulty language, defective translation, underlying assumptions not clear, lack of sensitivity, lack of basic commun. skills, insufficient knowledge, different evaluations & meanings
Emotional/Psychological barriers - premature evaluation, in-attention, loss in transmission, failure of commun., assumptions, differing perceptions
Barriers @the Receiver - lack of interest, lack of knowledge, lack of commun. skills, emotional & physical distractions
Barna (1996) : barriers
assumptions of similarities, high anxiety & tension, tendency to evaluate, language differences, nonverbal misinterpretations, preconceptions, stereotypes
% of nonverbal messages
93% body language/paralinguistic cues
(7% actual words)
paralinguistic
voice, way which something is said; accent, tone, inflection, errors, structure, mannerisms, pronounce, speed, articulate. 38% of daily life.
body language
posture, gestures, eye contact, orientation, proximity, looks, appearance, grooming, expression of emotion. 55% of daily life.
4 nonverbal communication modalities
Content- if you don’t have anything to say, encourage other person to talk.
Delivery - words mumbled or spoken audibly? are they loud & clear?
Appearance - what does it say about you? does it match impression you mean to convey?
Breathing - deep breathing helps keep calm, poised, centered.
Haptic Communication
touch, form of nonverbal. Use on daily basis, natural reaction/action, useful form of commun. & expression. e.g. affectionate, professional, congratulatory, threatening.
gestures
convey attitudes, feelings, ideas. Nonverbal. Incl. cultural & gender influences. e.g. look, folded arms, tapping foot, finger wave, head turn.
Chironomia
art of using hand gestures to commun. (kinesics), interpretation of nonverbal behaviour involving movement. e.g. eye contact, body posture, hand signals, facial expressions,
who categorized gestures?
Wallace Friesen & Paul Ekman (psychologists)
5 categorized gestures
- Illustrators
- Conveying Emotions
- Emblems
- Regulators
- Adaptors
5 categorized gestures (explained)
- Illustrators - movements that enhance words we use e.g. hand waves, thumbs up
- Conveying Emotions - affect displays from the body, show how we feel
- Emblems - universal body movements e.g. peace sign, thumbs up
- Regulators - manipulates conversations e.g. simple encouragers
- Adaptors - body movements to make us feel better e.g. rub forehead, twist hair.
Object Adaptors - manipulating environment to make you feel better e.g. how you always carry your bag, wallet.
Decoder or Receiver
process which person receives signals from encoder & translates those signals into meaningful messages.
Signals in Communication
codified message.
specific words & behaviours sent in commun..
specific verbal language & nonverbal behaviours.
4 Stages of Learning
- Unconsciously Unskilled
- Consciously Unskilled
- Consciously Skilled
- Unconsciously Skilled
4 Stages of Learning (explained)
- Unconsciously Unskilled - inept & unaware of it. e.g. not playing sport, feel self-conscious & awkward, how much you don’t know.
- Consciously Unskilled - aware of how poorly we do something, shows how much more we need to learn. e.g. aware not able to play sport as well as others due to their practiced ability.
- Consciously Skilled - try the skill out, experiment, practice. Know how to do skill correctly, but need to think hard to perform. e.g. expending high level mental effort to perform, 2 steps forward 1 step back.
- Unconsciously Skilled - practice & apply new skills, arriving @stage they become easier, natural, & instinctive. e.g. have practiced, honed skills, automated w/out need for conscious thought.
two steps forward, one step back
rate of improvement is non-linear, can cause frustration, feels progress 2 steps forward 1 step back (consciously skilled [3] stage of learning)
for us to learn deeply, we need to transition thru 4 stages (process of learning)
Kolb
