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Module 3 Revision > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of drugs that interact with the human body is defined as:

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

Define pharmacodynamics

A

What a drug does to the body

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3
Q

Define Pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to a drug

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4
Q

What are examples of pharmacodynamics?

A

Biological effects and mechanism of action

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5
Q

What are examples of pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drug and their metabolites

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6
Q

What must a drug act with in order to be useful as a therapeutic agent?

A

A degree of selectivity

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7
Q

In which group of individuals is polypharmacy most common?

A

Elderly patients

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8
Q

What do drugs bind to?

A

Target molecules

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9
Q

What two factors is selectivity a result of?

A
  1. Binding site specificity
  2. Ligand specificity
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10
Q

Define an agonist

A

A drug that activates a receptor and causes a response

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11
Q

Give an example of an agonist

A

Acetylcholine

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12
Q

Define an antagonist

A

A drug that combines with a receptor but does not activate it. It blocks the action of the agonist by binding to the same receptor.

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13
Q

What two qualities to agonists posses

A

Affinity and efficacy

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14
Q

Define affinity

A

Strength of association between ligand and receptor

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15
Q

If an agonist possesses low affinity for the receptor, how will the dissociation rate present?

A

Fast dissociation rate

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16
Q

If an agonist possesses a medium affinity for the receptor, how will the dissociation rate present?

A

Moderate dissociation rate

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17
Q

If an agonist possesses a high affinity for the receptor, how will the dissociation rate present?

A

Slow dissociation rate

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18
Q

Define dissociation rate

A

The rate at which a ligand dissociates from a receptor/protein

19
Q

Define efficacy

A

The ability of an agonist to evoke a cellular response

20
Q

What do antagonists lack?

A

Efficacy

21
Q

What do antagonists posses?

A

Affinity

22
Q

At what level of agonist concentration would there most likely be 100% receptor occupancy?

A

High concentration

23
Q

How would you describe the relationship between agonist concentration and response in a linear plot?

A

Hyperbolic

24
Q

What is the meaning of EC50 when plotted on a graph?

A

It is the concentration of agonist that elicits a half maximal response

25
Q

How would you describe the relationship between agonist concentration and response on a semi-logarithmic plot?

A

Sigmoidal

26
Q

The binding of an agonist and antagonist at the same site where they have to compete is termed…

A

Competitive antagonism

27
Q

The binding of an agonist to an orthosteric site and an antagonist to a seperate allosteric site is termed…

A

Non-competitive antagonism

28
Q

The process by which a drug enters the body from it sight of administration and enters the general circulation

A

Absorption

29
Q

The transport of a drug by the general circulation

A

Distribution

30
Q

The process by which tissue enzymes (principally those in the liver) catalyse the chemical conversion of a frequently lipid soluble drug to an often less active and more polar form that’s more readily excreted from the body

A

Metabolism

31
Q

The process that removes the drugs from the body (principally occurs in the kidneys)

A

Excretion

32
Q

Metabolism and excretion as a pair can be referred to as?

A

Elimination

33
Q

What are the phsyicochemical factors that control drug absorption?

A
  • solubility
  • chemical stability
  • lipid to water partition coefficient
  • degree of ionisation
34
Q

A drug must dissolve in order to be absorbed. True or false?

A

True

35
Q

What happens to the rate of diffusion when lipid solubility increases?

A

It increases

36
Q

Only charged forms of drug can readily diffuse across the lipid layer. True or false?

A

False. Only UNCHARGED forms of drug can readily diffuse across the lipid layer.

37
Q

What does degree of ionisation depend upon?

A

The pKa of the drug and local pH

38
Q

Define pKa

A

PH at which 50% of drug us ionised and 50% unionised

39
Q

What type of acid and base is week absorbed?

A

Weak acids and bases

40
Q

What are some factors that affect GI absorption?

A
  • GI motility
  • pH at absorption site
  • blood flow to stomach and intestines
  • drug manufacture
  • Physicochemical interactions
  • presence of transporters in membranes of epithelial cells that facilitate drug absorption
41
Q

Fraction of drug that reaches systemic circulation after oral ingestion, is known as?

A

Oral availability

42
Q

The fraction of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation after absorption is known as?

A

Systemic availability

43
Q

Define enteral

A

Via the GI tract

44
Q

Define parenteral

A

A route that is not via GI tract

Module 3 Revision (20 decks)

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